Thupi katundu wa asidi acetic, chilinganizo

Wamba edible viniga botolo, amene angapezeke mu khitchini aliyense wapabanja ali anapeka zidulo ena ambiri ndi mavitamini. Kuwonjezera awiri mankhwala akutsikira mu chakudya yophika, saladi amachititsa masoka kununkhira kuwongola. Koma Ambiri a ife mozama za katundu ndi mmene weniweni wa ntchito ya chigawo chachikulu - asidi acetic.

Kodi zinthu izi?

Chilinganizo asidi acetic _CH3COOH limene lakhuza kuti chiwerengero cha mafuta zidulo carboxylic. Pamaso pa carboxyl gulu (COOH) anapatsa kwa asidi ndi monobasic. thunthu pa dziko lapansi mu mawonekedwe ndi organic ndipo analandira synthetically zasayansi. Acid ndi nthumwi zophweka kwambiri, koma n'kofunika cha uthunthu wake. Mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi, hygroscopic.

thupi katundu wa asidi acetic ndi osalimba zimasiyana ndi kutentha. Firiji 20 ° ^C asidi ndi mu mkhalidwe madzi, ali osalimba a 1,05 g / masentimita ^3. Iwo ali fungo yeniyeni ndi wowawasa kukoma. A njira ya mankhwala popanda zina ikamauma ndipo makhiristo pa kutentha m'munsimu 17 ° ^C. ndondomeko umayamba otentha asidi acetic pa kutentha pamwamba 117 ° ^C. methyl gulu (CH ₃₎ asidi acetic wa chilinganizo analandira mwa kuchita ndi alcohols ndi mpweya: zinthu ndi mowa nayonso mphamvu ya chakudya, souring vinyo.

A mbiri pang'ono

Kutsegula viniga anali oyamba mu mndandanda wa asidi ndipo chidachitika mu magawo. Poyamba, asidi acetic anayamba kuchotsa akatswiri distillation Arab za m'ma 8. Komabe, mu Roma chinthu anachokera ku vinyo wowawasa ntchito ngati msuzi chilengedwe. Dzina kwambiri kuchokera Greek amatanthauza "wowawasa". M'zaka za m'ma 17 ku Europe, asayansi anatha kuchotsa koyera mankhwala mankhwala. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iwo anatenga njira ndi anapeza mphamvu zachilendo - asidi acetic mu boma nthunzi akayaka lawi buluu.

Mpaka m'ma 19, asayansi apeza pamaso asidi acetic mu mawonekedwe ndi organic chabe - monga mbali ya mankhwala ndi mchere wa esters. Monga mbali ya zomera ndi zipatso zawo: maapulo, mphesa. Anthu ndi nyama, thukuta excretion, ya ndulu. Mu zaka za m'ma 20, asayansi Russian mosintha yotengedwa acetaldehyde ku zimene acetylene ndi okusayidi Mercury. Panopa, acetic mowa asidi yaikulu kwambiri moti m'zigawo zake zikuluzikulu chikuchitika synthetically yekha pamlingo waukulu.

Njira yopanga

Kaya mawonekedwe a asidi koyera acetic kapena kukhalapo zosafunika mu njira Izo zimatengera njira m'zigawo. Chakudya asidi acetic analandira biochemically pa Mowa nayonso mphamvu. Mu mafakitale njira zingapo secrete asidi m'zigawo. Kawirikawiri, zochita ali limodzi ndi kutentha ndi kukhalapo kwa catalysts:

• Methanol mu anachita ndi mpweya (carbonylation).
• Mpweya makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa tuzigawo twa mafuta.
• Pyrolysis nkhuni.
• Mpweya makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa acetaldehyde.

Industrial ndondomeko amuzolengedwa ogwira ndi ndalama. Chifukwa ndondomeko mafakitale, kuchuluka kwa yopanga asidi acetic mu TH 20 ndi 21 m'ma TH mpaka maulendo poyerekeza ndi zaka za m'ma 19. Pakali pano, asidi acetic ndi carbonylation wa methanol kaphatikizidwe amapereka oposa 50% buku umatulutsa.

thupi katundu wa asidi acetic ndi kukopa kwake pa chizindikiro

The acetic asidi madzi ndi colorless. acidity pH 2,4 mosavuta kulitsimikizira pepala litmus. asidi acetic anakumana ndi utoto pa chizindikiro wofiirawo. thupi katundu wa asidi acetic kusintha zowoneka. Pamene kutentha akutsikira m'munsimu 16 ^{° C,} thunthu zimatengera mtundu olimba ndi akufanana waung'ono makhiristo ayezi. Ndi mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi ndi amachitira ndi osiyanasiyana mankhwala ena kuposa sulfide wa hydrogen. asidi acetic amachepetsa buku okwana madzimadzi pa dilution ndi madzi. Paokha pofotokoza thupi katundu wa asidi acetic, mtundu ndi kapangidwe, chimene inu mupenya m'chifanizo zotsatirazi.

thunthu ndi akayaka pa kutentha 455 ^{° C} ndi kutulutsidwa kwa kutentha kwa 876 KJ / mol. Kulemera molar ndi 60,05 g / mol. thupi katundu wa asidi acetic ngati electrolyte mu zochita ofooka. The zonse dielectric ndi 6,15 firiji. Anzanu ngati osalimba, - ndi variable katundu thupi acetic acid. Pa mavuto mamilimita 40. Hg. Art. ndi kutentha 42 ^{° C} kuyamba ndondomeko kuwira. Koma kale pa mavuto 100 mm. Hg. Art. kuwira kumachitika kokha pa 62 ^° C

katundu mankhwala

Wakwiya ndi zitsulo ndi oxides mankhwala akusonyeza katundu acidic. Kwambiri Kutha ndi mankhwala zovuta zambiri, asidi mitundu salt amene ayitanidwa acetates :. magnesium, kutsogolera, potaziyamu, etc. PK mtengo wa asidi ndi 4,75.

Pa mogwirizana ndi mpweya anabwera mu viniga M'MALO anachita , kenako kusamutsidwa ndi kupanga zidulo zovuta kwambiri: chloroacetic, iodoacetic. Kusungunuka m'madzi, asidi dissociates ndi kutulutsidwa kwa ayoni nthochi ndi mapulotoni wa hydrogen. Mlingo wa dissociation peresenti 0.4.

Thupi ndi mankhwala zimatha mamolekyulu acetic asidi mu crystalline mawonekedwe Diamer kulenga nsinga wa hydrogen. Komanso, katundu ndi zofunika kulenga mafuta zidulo zovuta kwambiri, biosynthesis cha mankhwala ndi sterols.

yopimira

Azindikire asidi acetic mu njira chingapezeke ndi kupeza katundu thupi, monga fungo. njira zokwanira linakhulupirira asidi lamphamvu, chimene wayamba aithamangitse viniga mchere ndi kulekana kwa nthunzi yake. Ndi zasayansi distillation COONa CH ₃ ndi H _{2 4} n'zotheka kupeza asidi acetic mu mawonekedwe youma.

Tikuyandikira zinachitikira maphunziro kusukulu mu umagwirira kalasi 8. The thupi katundu zikusonyeza asidi acetic rasstvoreniya mankhwala anachita. Wokwanira kuwonjezera zinthu mu njira, ndi okusayidi mkuwa ndi pang'ono konzekera izo. okusayidi kwathunthu kusungunuka, kupanga njira bluish.

opangidwa kuchokera wothandizila

Mkhalidwe anachita chinthu ndi njira zambiri form: esters, amides ndi mchere. Mnthawi kupanga zinthu zina, zofunika kwa thupi katundu wa asidi acetic n'zambiri. Iwo ayenera kukhala ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kuvunda, choncho alibe zosafunika lachitatu chipani.

Malinga ndende ya amadzimadzi njira ya asidi acetic kuonetsetsa angapo ofanana nawo. mankhwala ambiri kuposa 96% ali ndi dzina - glacial acetic acid. asidi acetic mu 70-80% zikhoza kugulidwa ku magolosale, kumene adzatchedwa - viniga chofunikira. Viniga ali ndende ya 3-9%.

asidi acetic ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku

Kuwonjezera mbali chakudya, asidi acetic ali katundu angapo thupi limene anthu anapeza ntchito yake mu moyo. A njira ya ndende otsika zinthu mosavuta amachotsa zolengeza ku nkhani zitsulo, kalirole pamwamba ndi mawindo. luso kuyamwa chinyontho nalonso phindu. Viniga ndi zabwino kumatha zofukiza mwandele mu zipinda, amachotsa Madontho kuchokera zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndi zovala.

Mwamwayi, chuma thupi la chidulo acetic - kuchotsa mafuta kuchokera pamwamba - angagwiritsidwe ntchito mankhwala wowerengeka ndi cosmetology. A njira ofooka a viniga ankachitira tsitsi kuti iwo kuwala. thunthu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zochizira chimfine, kuchotsa njerewere, ndi bowa cutaneous. Ikupita patsogolo ntchito viniga mu zikuchokera zodzikongoletsera anakulunga kulimbana cellulite.

The ntchito mu kupanga

The salt wa mankhwala, ndi zinthu zina zovuta asidi acetic amachita ngati chinthu chofunika:

• Mankhwala mafakitale. Kulenga: aspirin antiseptic ndi antibacterial zodzola, phenacetin.
• Kupanga ulusi kupanga. Incombustible film, mapadi nthochi.
• CHAKUDYA makampani. Atetezedwe bwino, kupanga Nkhaka ndi sauces, monga chakudya zowonjezera E260.
• Nsalu makampani. Aziwapatsa utoto wa.
• zodzoladzola ndi mankhwala munthu chisamaliro makampani. mafuta onunkhira, creams kusintha khungu kamvekedwe.
• Yopanga mordants. Ntchito ngati tizilombo ndi mordant namsongole.
• Kupanga vanishi. Luso solvents acetone kupanga.

Chaka asidi acetic kupanga ndi kuchuluka. Pakali pano, buku lake mu dziko matani oposa 400 zikwi pamwezi. asidi chimadzera ndi akasinja zitsulo zolimba. Yosungirako mu chidebe pulasitiki m'mafakitale ambiri chifukwa mkulu thupi ndi mankhwala ntchito asidi acetic ndikoletsedwa kapena okha miyezi ingapo.

chitetezo

asidi acetic ndende mkulu ali ndi digiri lachitatu la poyatsira ndi limatulutsa utsi poizoni. Ndi bwino kuvala masks wapadera ndi zina zodzitetezera pamene akugwira acid. Woopsa mlingo thupi ndi 20 ml. Pa nthawi amasulidwe thunthu mu chidulo makamaka akutentha mucosa, kenako amakhudza ziwalo zina. Zikatero muyenera hospitalization yomweyo.

Pambuyo kukhudzana ndi asidi khungu poyera analimbikitsa yomweyo rinsed ndi madzi. Zachiphamaso scald asidi zingachititse minofu necrosis, amenenso amafuna m'chipatala.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Asayansi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa anapeza kuti munthu safunika phwando asidi acetic - angachite popanda chakudya zina. Koma anthu ndi tsankho kwa asidi komanso mavuto m'mimba, mankhwala contraindicated.

asidi acetic ntchito typography.

Thunthu mu pang'ono anapezeka mu uchi, nthochi ndi tirigu.

Pambuyo yozizira, asidi acetic, ndi kudzimenya kugwedeza mmwamba mphamvu ndi izo, inu mukhoza kuona oipa wake modabwitsa.

A ndende yaing'ono asidi acetic akhoza kuchepetsa ululu chizindikiro cha tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi amayaka zazing'ono.

Phwando mankhwala chakudya ndi okhutira otsika asidi acetic kumachepetsa mlingo wa mafuta m'thupi. mankhwala ndi bwino limakhazikitsa ndi shuga mu odwala matenda ashuga.

The ntchito zomanga thupi ndi zimam'patsa chakudya pamodzi ndi pang'ono asidi acetic kumawonjezera digestibility awo chamoyo.

Ngati chakudya ndi mchere wambiri, monga kuwonjezera madontho ochepa a vinyo wosasa kutsegula saltiness.

pomaliza

Millennium ntchito asidi acetic anatsogolera chakuti katundu thupi ndi mankhwala kupeza njira zawo iliyonse. Mazana a zochita zotheka, zikwi zinthu zofunikira, chifukwa imene anthu zikuchitika. Nkofunika kudziwa mbali zonse za asidi acetic, mbali zake zabwino ndi zoipa.

Musaiwale za ubwino, koma tiyenera kukumbukira zimene kuwonongeka zingachititse ntchito kusasamalira ndi mkulu wa ndende asidi acetic. Pangozi ake, iye waima pafupi acid amathiridwa acid sulfuric. Nthawizonse muzikumbukira ngozi pamene tikugwiritsa ntchito acid. Bwino ndi mosamala kuchepetsa akamanena za madzi.