Ndi metaphysics nthanthi Kodi

Kuchokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "metaphysics" likumasuliridwa kuti "chimene chili pambuyo sayansi." Choyamba, lingaliro ili amagwirizana wina wa nzeru za moyo ndi mfundo za kukhala wonse. Komanso, mawu akuti "metaphysics" ntchito ponena za nzeru. Tinganene kuti anaonekera pamodzi ndi nzeru, lotchedwa mchemwali wake. Kwa nthawi yoyamba bwinobwino metaphysics otchulidwa nzeru wakale Greek ntchito za Aristotle, mawu kunachitika monga mabuku Ine. BC. e. Androniko cha Rhodes amene systematized ndi Mfundo za Aristotle.

Metaphysics nthanthi wakale

Masiku amenewo, panali awiri odziwika bwino nzeru za Plato wodziwika: Plato ndi wophunzira ake Aristotle. Mbali yaikulu ya woganiza loyamba metaphysics anali amaonera zonse wonse. Aristotle kuzindikiridwa sayansi angapo kuti kutsindika zinthu zosiyana, ndipo anaima pa mutu wa chiphunzitso cha anthu mwamsanga. Ndipo mwamsanga anthu akhoza kukhala pa mbali sakuona bwino chithunzi thunzi chokwanira. Komanso, wasayansi anasankha metaphysics monga tanthauzo la munthu wina aliyense, kumvetsa zimene mukhoza kupeza apamwamba zosangalatsa aluntha.

Metaphysics mu nzeru ya Ages Middle

Kumvetsetsa maganizo akale, sayansi Umenewu ndi womvetsa zinthu zomveka kwa dziko. Lingaliro la metaphysics mu nzeru ya Ages Middle akadali yophika pansi kumvetsa Mulungu. Iye akhapidziwa kuti ukufanana kwambiri zauzimu kuposa zakuthupi, choncho akanakhoza kutsegula zipata ku chidziwitso cha Wam'mwambamwamba.

Metaphysics mu nzeru ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Monga mukudziwa, pa nthawi ino munthu anaikidwa pakati pa chilengedwe chonse. Iwo anayamba kuphunzira mozama za makhalidwe a maganizo ndi dziko wauzimu wa munthu. metaphysics A, kuchokera amazionera a chipembedzo, sangathe kuyankha mafunso ofunika a nthawi, choncho zochepa mlingo wa mbalume.

Metaphysics nzeru za makono

Mfundo imeneyi pa nthawi salinso okha ndi zamulungu ndipo anakhala ndi nzeru za chilengedwe, monga sayansi ayamba kugunda pa mbali zonse za moyo. Metaphysics amakhalanso pamwamba, koma sayansi, ndipo ena mphindi ngakhale kuphatikiza ndi iwo. The nzeru ena a m'nthawi imeneyo sanali kuchita popanda sayansi. Ngati metaphysics wa masiku amakedzana anali sayansi ya kukhala, ku Middle Ages, tikhoza kunena kuti sayansi ya Mulungu, kuti masiku ano izo zakhala sayansi ya cognition. Katundu metaphysics watsopano wakhala makamaka kukhulupirika kwa zolengedwa zonse.

M'zaka za m'ma XVIII chiphunzitso cha kukhala anakumana ndi mavuto. Ichi ndi chifukwa amasulidwe Sciences, nkhani mwatsatanetsatane ndipo anayamba wunika okwana metaphysics onse ndipo anali asokonekera. M'ndende kwa zaka zambiri, unagawidwa maphunziro azachilengedwe ndi zamulungu achilengedwe.

Immanuel Kant anayamba kugwira ntchito pa chitsitsimutso cha metaphysics, kapena m'malo pa kubadwanso ake, kusintha mawonekedwe ake ndi kutsimikizira mfundo zake. Nyengo yatsopano kwa chiphunzitso cha kukhalapo inatha pa nzeru za Hegel, amene anapanga metaphysics osati yopanda anatengedwa pa udindo wa chikhulupiro, koma monga chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana kwa sayansi onse, chiwerengero cha amene kukula nthawi zonse.