Ancient nzeru za Agiriki

Dziko ano chitukuko - yozungulira mankhwala a chikhalidwe wakale Greek. Ancient Greek nzeru - gawo lofunika kwambiri pa izo. Kutengera pa mfundo ambiri, timasiyanitsa magawo angapo mwa omwe anadutsa nzeru ndi chikhalidwe cha masiku amakedzana ambiri.

Sitepe imodzi. Chiyambi cha nzeru ndi mapangidwe ake. Woyamba theka VI m'ma BC. e, gawo la Asia Minor Greece -. Ionia anali Mileto. Pali wakale Greek sukulu woyamba, wotchedwa Milesian. Kuti izo a Anaximander, Thales, Anaximenes, ndi ophunzira awo.

Gawo awiri. Kukhwima nzeru, maluŵa (ndi V pa IV BC), wayamba sukulu: Atomists, ndi Pythagorean Sophists. Mbali imeneyi amagwirizana ndi mayina a anthu anzeru kwambiri - Socrates, Aristotle, Plato.

Khwelero atatu. Ancient nzeru za Agiriki akukumana kuchepa a. Nthawi ya Latin ndi Agiriki. Kwambiri kutchulidwa pa Agiriki Philosophy - kukayikira, Stoicism, Epicureanism.

Ngati ife wodzipatula zili maganizo nzeru zaumunthu, timachotsa zotsatirazi:

• tingachipeze powerenga oyambirira (chisanadze Socratics, naturalists): "Physis", "Space" ndi matabwa ake;
• tingachipeze powerenga sing'anga (kudula ndi naturalists kusukulu);
• tingachipeze powerenga mkulu (Aristotle ndi Plato, ndi masukulu awo).

ndi mbali ya nzeru wakale Greek chiyani? Yodziwika ndi zosowa zakale wakale Greek nzeru zowombetsa mkota zoyamba za sayansi, kuzipenya zodabwitsa zinkachitika mu chikhalidwe, komanso zomwe chikhalidwe ndi maganizo sayansi ya East. Chifukwa umenewu mtundu wa worldview yodziwika cosmocentrism. Chikhalidwe ndi miyambo - ndi macrocosm, mtundu wa kubwereza kwa dziko, munthu - ndi microcosm. Izi ndi mfundo Kumwambamwamba, amene subjugates mawonetseredwe anthu, wotchedwa tsoka. Mu nthawi imeneyi mwaphindu kukhala masamu ndi sayansi chidziwitso, imbaenda, zinachititsa kuti kuphatikiza lapadera zoyamba za sayansi ndi chikumbumtima zokongoletsa ndi m'nthano. Funso: chifukwa nzeru mu mawonetseredwe ameneyu anabadwa mu Greece wakale?

Zikhalidwe, zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe ananena, poyamba pa zonse, ufulu wa kuganiza za Agiriki akale, choikidwa yeniyeni achipembedzo Greece wakale: zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo si zogwirizana ndi malamulo ovuta kwambiri pa moyo chikhalidwe ndi munthu. Mwa Agiriki, palibe Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ansembe, amene ali ndi mphamvu zoterozo mu maiko ena kum'mawa. zikhulupiriro Greek samakufunsa yemweyo ndiwofatsa njira ya moyo, onse pa East chomwecho. M'malo mwake, panali mipata yokwanira kwa nzeru, kudziletsa kufufuza. Kupeza chiyambi cha moyo. N'zochititsa chidwi osachepera, ndi kuti nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi ntchito, zomwe umaonetseredwa, mwa zina, mu tima kulamulira resettlement (kuyambira VII m'ma BC). Poyerekeza ndi ozungulira anthu amangokhala Akumenya yowala kusankha Ahelene ntchito, kusamuka kuyenda kwambiri ndi ntchito. Akudalira okha okha, luso lawo, pamene naonetsere weniweni, posonyeza kukonda padzikoli.

Ancient Greek nzeru, cosmocentrism

Monga ife tikudziwa kale, m'nthawi VI-IV BC ndi maluwa mofulumira monga nzeru, ndipo chikhalidwe ambiri. Panthawi imeneyi, dziko latsopano kutatha, masomphenya atsopano a dziko ndi chipangizo ake, chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe, chimene ndi chiyambi cha kudziwa zinthu masiku ano ndiponso kutulukira. Land (ndi chirichonse pa izo), kuwala ndi thambo ataphimbidwa ndi danga chatsekedwa wa mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndi mkombero zonse: onse kumeneko, chirichonse uyenda, kusintha chilichonse. Koma palibe amene akudziwa kumene ndi pamene abwera. Ena anzeru kunena kuti zonse zochokera zinthu anazindikira chipangizo (moto, madzi, mpweya, dziko lapansi ndi Apeiron), ena akufotokoza maatomu onse masamu (a Pythagoreans), ena kuzindikira maziko wosaonekayo, munthu umodzi (Eleatics), wachinayi akuganiza maziko olimba a maatomu indivisible (Democritus), wachisanu amanena kuti dziko lapansi ndi mthunzi wokha, chifukwa cha kukwaniritsidwa kwa lingaliro. Kumene, mbali zonse tsopano zikuwoneka zilizonse ndi kosagwirizana, izo siinafike kukwaniritsidwa kuti nzeru tingakhale ndi makhalidwe osiyana. Komabe V m'ma BC (Plato ndi Democritus) amapereka zotsutsana mizere iwiri olemba bwino. Kulimbana pakati pa mizere udzadutsa nzeru lonse ...