Ndi njira zamakono chiyani? Kufotokozera. chiphunzitso

Asayansi nawo maphunziro a chitukuko ndi zachuma a mitundu anavomera kuti akupita ku mafunde (mchiphunzitso cha mafunde yaitali Kondratieff), mlingo kukula chifukwa cha zochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana (chikhalidwe, zandale, ndi ena), ndi mphamvu ya chitukuko galimoto ndi digiri ya nkhani ndi patsogolo sayansi. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, ndi p (mudziwe Kukwera) chikuchitika mu m'zinthu, m'zinthu nthawi yomweyo lolimba pafupi zaka makumi asanu.

Chiphunzitso cha nyumba zamakono

Pali m'zinthu asanu. Mu yoweyula choyamba (1785 mpaka mu 1835 ndi Yg) chinapangidwa njira zamakono kuti potengera zinthu zatsopano makampani nsalu, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu madzi. The mkombero chachiwiri (kuchokera 1830 mpaka 1890 Yg) amagwirizana ndi chitukuko cha njanji ndi zoyendera makampani, makina opanga ntchito injini nthunzi. Yoweyula wachitatu kwaiye dongosolo zamakono zochokera ntchito magetsi. Nthawi imeneyi (1880 ndi 1940) inati chitukuko cha mafakitale magetsi ndi zomangamanga lolemera. Yoweyula yachitatu kuyamba mapulasitiki, zitsulo sanali akakhala, ndege, wanthambo, wailesi, ndi zina zomwe ena. Komanso, nthawi imeneyi unayamba kuonekera adalira, cartels, Makampani lalikulu. Mu msika izo tinaonera gospodstvovanie kuphangira ndi oligopolies, anayamba kudzikundikira likulu ndalama ndi kubanki.

The mkombero chachinayi

Yoweyula 4 dongosolo zamakono unakhazikitsidwa, zomwe zinali zochokera chitukuko wotsatira wa mphamvu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mafuta, mafuta, mauthenga, gasi, zida, ndege, mathirakitala ndi ena. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1930 mpaka mu 1990 anasonyeza makompyuta ambiri ndi mapulogalamu, Rada. Iwo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito atomu - usilikali ndipo kenako zifuno za mtendere. Tinayamba kutuluka pa mafuko ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana makampani chinkhoswe mu ndalama mwachindunji m'misika m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Pakuti yoweyula chachisanu amakhala ndi kutsindika pa zochitika m'munda wa sayansi computer, microelectronics, kukonza majini, umisiri, mauthenga pa Kanema, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu. Ku gulu la kampani ndi kunditumiza ku mapangidwe amalumikizana logwirizana la makampani zazikulu, zimene zimachitika pakati pa omwe udzakhazikitsidwe kudzera pa Intaneti. Nthawiyi (1985 ndi 2035) amakhala ndi mapulani, ulamuliro quality, kukonza zogula bungwe mogwirizana ndi mfundo ya "pa nthawi". Tikumbukenso kuti zaka nthawi ya mafunde munthu chabe makumi asanu. Ichi ndi chifukwa mwamwayi nthawi ya mavuto kucheza moyo ndi nyengo yatsopano ya kupitirira. Mathamangitsidwe wa NTP azipereka m'tsogolo kuchepetsa kutalika ya mafunde.

Yoweyula wachisanu. Features ndi ubwino

Lingaliro la dongosolo la sayansi tsopano zikuphatikizapo zigawo zingapo. Zinthu zazikulu amaonedwa kukhala pachimake, ndi chofunika kwambiri. Monga pachimake mulandu zamagetsi, mapulogalamu, kompyuta, kutumiza mauthenga ndi zina zomwe ena a sayansi amakono. zigawo microelectronic amaonedwa kuti ndi chofunika. Poyerekeza ndi m'mbuyomu (wachinayi) chachisanu dongosolo zamakono zochokera individualization wa mowa ndi kupanga patsogolo zosiyanasiyana mankhwala kugonjetsa zopinga zachilengedwe chifukwa zokha mafakitale, ndi zina zotero.