Ndi normality wa njira ndi chiyani? Kodi kudziwa normality wa njira? Chilinganizo njira normality

Ndi vutolo a zinthu zosiyana timakumana tsiku lililonse. Koma ndi chodziwikiratu kuti tonsefe, kodi kwakukulu udindo ankaimba ndi kachitidwe. Kwambiri khalidwe lawo zinadziwika lero, chifukwa kuphunzira zambiri kwa zaka. Pa nthawi yonseyi zambiri mawu akhala anayambitsa, unintelligible munthu wamba. Mmodzi wa iwo - ndi normality wa njira. Ndi chiyani icho? Izi m'nkhani yathu. Ndipo ife tiyambira ndi madzi zakale.

kafukufuku History

Woyamba maganizo owala, kuyamba kuphunzira njira akhala kudziwika kwa akatswiri monga Arrhenius, van't Hoff ndi Ostwald. Mchikakamizo cha ntchito zawo m'badwo wotsatira wa akatswiri anayamba wofufuza kuphunzira madzi ndi kuchepetsa mavutowo. Kumene, iwo anapeza ndalama yaikulu chidziwitso, koma wopanda chidwi anakhalabe njira sanali amadzimadzi, zomwe, poyamba, komanso mbali yofunika onse makampani ndi muzochitika zina zochita za anthu.

Akuti njira sanali amadzimadzi nazo zochuluka za osadziwika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati madzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa dissociation digiri ya kuchuluka mtengo madutsidwe, ndiye dongosolo ofanana, koma ndi mzake zosungunulira osati madzi, ndi wosiyana. Small mfundo za madutsidwe magetsi zambiri ndi digiri yapamwamba ya dissociation. Anomalies kutero asayansi kuphunzira munda zimapangidwira. Izo anapeza wambirimbiri processing deta yomwe zimatheka kupeza dongosolo kuti zonse chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic. Komanso, zikanakhala zotheka kuti mukulitse chidziwitso za electrolysis ndi chikhalidwe cha ayoni zovuta mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga.

Ndiye mwachangu anayamba kafukufuku m'munda wa njira kulimbikira. machitidwe oterewa ndi osiyana kwambiri katundu ku kuchepetsedwa chifukwa chakuti kuwonjezeka mu ndende zinthu kusungunuka kunadetsa yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi anzake ake ndi zosungunulira lapansi. Zambiri zokhudza nkhani imeneyi - mu gawo lotsatira.

chiphunzitso

Pa nthawi, zabwino akufotokoza khalidwe la ayoni, maatomu ndi mamolekyulu mu njira yokha chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic. Popeza penipeni, Svante Arrhenius mu XIX atumwi, izo kakusintha kusintha zinthu zina. Ena malamulo akhala anapeza (monga lamulo la dilution), zomwe angapo sichinkagwirizana mu chiphunzitso chakale. Koma, chifukwa cha ntchito wotsatira asayansi, chiphunzitso wakhala kukonzedwa, ndi maonekedwe kuti awonongedwa ndi limafotokoza molondola zotsatira analandira kudzera experimental.

Mfundo yaikulu yaikulu ya chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic kuti mankhwala pamene kusungunuka limaphwasuka kusandulika mu ayoni ake chigawo chimodzi - particles kuti ndi mlandu. Malinga ndi luso kungomasula (dissociate) kupatula, kusiyanitsa electrolytes amphamvu ndi ofooka. Amphamvu zambiri kwathunthu dissociate mu ayoni mu njira, pamene ofooka - Mbali ochepa.

particles limene molekyulu mwina kucheza ndi zosungunulira lapansi. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa solvation. Koma sikuti zimachitika, monga chifukwa kukhalapo kwa woyang'anira pa ion ndi tizidutswa zosungunulira. Mwachitsanzo, madzi molekyulu ndi dipole, i.e. tinthu, mlandu pa dzanja limodzi zabwino ndi pa zina - negative. ayoni, imene kupasuka kwa electrolyte, nayenso, ndi kuneneza. Choncho, particles izi amakopeka ndi mbali oppositely mlandu. Koma izi zimachitika pokhapokha solvents kumalo ozizira (kotero ndi madzi). Mwachitsanzo, mu njira ya mankhwala mu hexane solvation zimachokeradi.

Kuphunzira njira zambiri amafuna kudziwa kuchuluka kwa solute. Ndondomeko ndi zina zovuta kwambiri mmalo ena udzakwaniritsidwa. Choncho, pali mitundu ingapo ya woipa, pakati pawo - ndi normality wa njira. Tsopano ife tinena mwatsatanetsatane za njira zonse kusonyeza zili thunthu mu njira ndi njira mawerengedwe ake.

Anthu ambiri njira

Mu umagwirira, ntchito ya mitunduyi, ndipo ena a iwo anamanga moti yabwino kutenga phindu mu mtundu.

Woyamba, ndipo ambiri bwino kwa ife, anthu ambiri mawonekedwe a Mawu - misa nusu. Iwo masamu zapamwamba. Ife basi mufunika kugawana kwambiri zinthu mu njira kulemera kwake konse kumakhala. Choncho tiyenera kupeza yankho monga decimal a. Chulukitsani nambala kuti ndi mazana, tidzalandira yankho monga anthu a.

Pang'ono zochepa wodziwika mawonekedwe - buku nusu. Nthawi zambiri ndi ntchito ponena za ndende ya mowa mowa. Calculated izo ndi losavuta: kugawa kuchuluka kwa solute voliyumu ya njira kwathunthu. Monga mmene zinalili m'mbuyomu, n'zotheka kuti yankho monga anthu a. Zolemba za nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "40%." kutanthauza kuti 40 peresenti ya m'buku.

Mankhwala amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zina ndende. Koma musanapite iwo ndi kulankhula za chimene Mfuko la mankhwala. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala tingasonyezere m'njira zosiyanasiyana: misa buku. Koma mamolekyulu lililonse mankhwala kulemera yake ndi kulemera kwa nyemba ndi zosatheka kumvetsa mmene mamolekyulu mu izo, ndipo m'pofunika kumvetsa kachulukidwe chigawo cha masinthidwe mankhwala. Chifukwa chaichi mtengo amenewa wakhala anayambitsa monga chinthu Mole. Ndipotu Mole - wina chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu: 6.02 * 10 ^23. Akutchedwa Avogadro chiwerengero. Nthawi zambiri, ngati unit ndi mol zinthu ntchito kuwerengera ndalama katundu aliyense anachita. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali mtundu wina wa mawu a ndende - molar. Ichi ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala pa wagawo buku. Molarity m'kukoma mol / l (kuwerenga: timadontho-timadontho pa lita).

Pali zofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe wakale zili umboni wa thunthu mu dongosolo: molality. Kumasiyana ku molarity kumene kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala si mu buku wagawo ndi pa wagawo misa. Ndipo m'kukoma timadontho-timadontho pa kilogalamu (kapena angapo wina wa chitsanzo gram).

Apa tafika pa mawonekedwe chomaliza, chomwe tsopano ikukambidwayo payokha, ngati malongosoledwe ake amafuna pang'ono ongolankhula zambiri.

The normality wa njira

Ndi chiyani icho? Ndipo osiyana pa mtengo m'mbuyomu? Kuti kumvetsa kusiyana mfundo monga normality ndi molarity njira. Ndipotu, iwo amasiyana ndi mtengo umodzi wokha - chiwerengero cha pazikhala kufanana. Tsopano inu mukhoza kulingalira chomwe njira yachibadwa. Ndi chabe molarity kusinthidwa. chiwerengero Ekvivaletnosti akusonyeza nambala ya particles kuti akhoza kutani ndi Mole imodzi ayoni wa hydrogen kapena ayoni hydroxide.

Ife tiyenera kudziwa kuti ndi njira yachibadwa. Koma tiyenera timvetse ndipo tiona mmene yosavuta imeneyi, zovuta mawonekedwe a ndende nkhani ya pa kuwonana koyamba. Kotero, ife adzamvetsa mwatsatanetsatane kodi normality wa njira.

chilinganizo

Wokongola zosavuta kulingalira kumasonyeza kufotokoza mawu. Zingakhale: C _N = z * N / N. Apa z - chofanana chinthu, N - kuchuluka kwa thunthu, V - buku wa njira. Mtengo choyamba - chidwi kwambiri. Pamene nthawi ndi izo zikusonyeza ofanana mankhwala, i.e. chiwerengero cha particles kwenikweni kapena kungoganiza kuti akhoza kutani wina ndi mzake osachepera tinthu mankhwala. Izi, mu Ndipotu normality wa njira, amene anali kuimiriridwa ndi njira pamwamba ndi qualitatively wosiyana molarity.

Ndipo tsopano gawo ina yofunika: Kodi kudziwa normality wa njira. Izi mosakayikira nkhani yofunika kwambiri, kuphunzira m'pofunika kuti tiyandikire ndi kumvetsa lililonse mtengo taonera aone kuti pali pamwamba.

Kodi kupeza normality wa njira?

Chilinganizo, zimene tinakambirana pamwamba, ndi wa khalidwe mwangwiro othandiza. makhalidwe onse ogwidwa izo, zikhoza masamu kuchita. Inde yopangidwa normality wa njira zosavuta, podziwa ena zedi: solute kulemera, chilinganizo ndi buku ake njira. Popeza tikudziwa chilinganizo cha mamolekyulu kwa thunthu, ndiye tikhonza kudziwa ake kulemera maselo. Kulemera chiŵerengero cha solute chitsanzo zake misa molar ndi wofanana ndi chiwerengero cha timadontho-timadontho zinthu. Ndipo podziwa voliyumu ya yankho okwana, tikhoza kunena chimodzimodzi zomwe ife molar ndende.

Chotsatira kuti tiyenera kuthera kuti kuwerengera normality wa njira - ndi mchitidwe chopeza pazikhala kufanana china. Kuti tichite zimenezi, tiyenera kudziwa m'mene chifukwa cha dissociation wa particles anapanga akhoza angagwirizanitse mapulotoni kapena hydroxyl ayoni. Mwachitsanzo, sulfuric asidi ekvivaletnosti chinthu 2, choncho normality wa njira Pankhaniyi kuchita masamu basi kuchulukitsa izo ndi 2 molarity.

ntchito

Mu analytics mankhwala zambiri kudalira normality ndi molarity njira. Ndi yabwino kwa mitunduyi vychileniya maselo a zinthu.

Kodi wina kukayendera?

Kuti kumvetsa bwino zimene ndi normality wa njira, ndi bwino kutsegula buku zasayansi ambiri. Ndipo ngati mukudziwa kale zonse zimenezi, muyenera amanena kuti buku zimapangidwira mawunikidwe ophunzira a ukatswiri wa mankhwala.

Pomaliza

Zikomo nkhani yakuti, ine ndikuganiza inu mukumvetsa kuti normality wa njira - ndi mtundu wa mawu a ndende ya mankhwala, amene ntchito makamaka mu kusanthula mankhwala. Ndipo tsopano palibe chinsinsi mmene masamu.