Nkhani - ndichiyani? Mitundu nkhani. Mfundo ya nkhani

Ife tonse kumvetsa kulankhula kusiyana ndi kulemba mwa kusunga njira kukhudzana, ndithudi, wolungamitsidwa. chithandizo osamveka adzakhala akupereka mauthenga kwa anthu enieni mu chinenero chakale kalembedwe. Kotero, nawonso, chingaoneke kupusa pofuna kulowetsamo mawu wapadera achabe mawu tsiku ndi tsiku.

Khama la nkhani

Osati sayansi, komanso mfundo zisinthe m'pamene XXI atumwi. Babbitt lero akayang'anizananso tsiku ndi ena KULANKHULANA mawu. Tonse kulankhulana wawo ndi uyamiko kwa anthu otizungulira mudziwe otaya TV kumizidwa mu nkhani. "Kodi izo?" - akufunsa owerenga woganiza nkhaniyo. Yankho kwambiri n'chakuti succinct tanthauzo limene mu dikishonare Chatsopano Webster: ndi kulankhulana mawu.

Origin akuti

akuti lachokera ku discursus Latin, kutanthauza "kayendedwe ka gulu." M'kupita kwa nthawi, unordered kayendedwe wachisokonezo la ndege thupi losandulizika. Iwo anayamba kugwirizana ndi osiyanasiyana "Mipikisano mbali" maganizo, nzeru, maganizo osiyanasiyana a anthu osiyana pa vuto lomwelo. Kenako, anali osinthika wina wa tanthauzo. Umayamba likunena kugwirizana anthu ambiri ali ndi maganizo nkhani chabe. Ndiko kuti, kufotokoza chabe. Pafupifupi aliyense mudziwe lonjezo: kaya kunyumba, ku munda wa ndale, mfundo, chikhalidwe, sayansi, zochitika asilikali - ndife amodzi - izi ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya nkhani.

A katswiri mu munda, Professor, University of Amsterdam TA Van Deyk imalongosola ntchito yake yaikulu monga mauthenga ndi - kusintha zazikulu-zochitika, monga sayansi, mfundo, chikhalidwe, pafupifupi munthu aliyense mlingo microsocial ndi akupereka chikoka zambiri.

Nkhani ndi Text

Tingawadziwe bwanji lemba ndi nkhani? Ndipotu, iwo ndi mbali wamba: nkhani Mkhalidwe akadali kwenikweni limapangidwa zigawo zikuluzikulu - malemba. Komabe, monga takambirana kale, monga lemba si maphunziro kapena zowerengera. Chapatsogolo nchito zake, mwachitsanzo. E. analosera ndipo anazindikira mawu mphamvu, kwenikweni akutembenukira lemba mu nkhani. Kodi mtundu wa yopapatiza-wapakamwa kanthu? Nkhani nthawi zonse amalandira chinthu yeniyeni, kukhala mu malo makamaka ndi chandamale yeniyeni omvera. Ndipo izo ndithudi amapereka zambiri za izo ndi nkhani zina. Osiyana nkhani ndi homogeneous (coherent) tanthauzo chipika.

Komabe, mzere wa nkhani si apawokha, wina chipika malekezero, wina akuyamba, ndipo simulates tione mmene, yomwe ndi ndondomeko ya nkhani: .. imodzi itha, ndipo m'malo mwake akubwera nkhani ina. Kuti mtundu uwu wa chikoka kulankhula ali chipika dongosolo, zikusonyeza mchitidwe ntchito atolankhani.

nkhani yaumwini

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu ndi mosavuta kuzindikira ndi zolinga wawo ndi mitu ntchito mu mawonekedwe awo mwachizolowezi.

Iwo ali apachiyambi, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi apadera - pa ena. Lingaliro la "nkhani" sociolinguistics boma ogaŵikana nchito ndi lichnostnoorientirovanny (munthu).

Yoyamba kumafuna owerenga anthu ena bungwe chikhalidwe, kudziwa yekha monga bwana. The chachiwiri kucheza ndi omvera pomutchula ndekha. Izi mtundu wa kulankhulana chimanena chidwi patokha owerenga ndi.

Mitundu ya nkhani, amapatsidwa lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu mitundu. Motero, munthu limeneli yatchulidwa mitundu: tsiku ndi tsiku existential.

mogwirizana Social kumachitika pakati pa anthu bwino, pomvetsetsana bwino. Choncho, ili limodzi ndi wapakamwa kukhudzana popanda mawu n'komwe, supplementing izo. wokamba adzatenge kuti womvera akumvetsa izo mwangwiro, mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo la mawu ndi mafoni kwambiri.

mtundu Existential nkhani kumachitika pamene munthu, pogwiritsa ntchito ziphiphiritso osiyana wa kulankhula, ophunzira azipereka kutanthauzira kwawo kwenikweni, chifukwa khalidwe lawo, ndi zimene zimatchedwa dziko lamkati. Ndi chibadidwe ntchito zopeka. Existential kulankhulana amadza, kwenikweni, wosiyana zoweta. Komabe, iwo ndi ofanana: awa mitundu ya nkhani maudindo a munthu amene yogwira. Kuti ayenera mwachangu kupanga ganizo la owerenga analankhula.

nchito nkhani

Mtundu wa nkhani ndi osiyana ndi udindo ndi ntchito yawo Relations. kulankhulana wapakamwa akupezeka m'menemo m'madera osiyanasiyana a ukatswiri, kuti alipo m'deralo, monga utsogoleri, asilikali, amalonda, zamtendere ndi misa zambiri, mankhwala, lachinsinsi, sayansi, maphunziro, malonda, chipembedzo, masewera, wowoneka bwino, malamulo ndale.

Aliyense wa awa mitundu nchito ya chikoka kulankhulana amakhala ndi zinthu ziwiri zikuluzikulu: chandamale lathu la nkhani ndi omvera ake. Malonda nkhani kumachitika pakati pa mabungwe otsatsa ndi addressees malonda m'njira zosiyanasiyana: pa TV, mu glossy magazini yapadera, malonda yokopa atolankhani, ambiri ntchito malonda panja (zikwangwani, laytpbordy, malonda mu zoyendera). Cholinga cha nkhani m'ndale pachikhalidwe kudza kwa ulamuliro chipani ndi kukhalapo anapitiriza kutsogolo kwake.

Kunena zoona, kuganizira mtundu makamaka nkhani nchito, uwulule tingachidziwe chibadidwe: discursive chilinganizo, ulusi (nkhani), malemba zachilendo, mitundu ndi Mitundu, njira, ophunzira, nthawi danga, zolinga, mfundo (kuphatikizapo mfundo kiyi). Pansipa tidzayesetsa kuchita izi mwa kupenda imodzi mwa mitundu yake.

nkhani za sayansi

Ophunzira a nkhani nchito, wotchedwa Science, ofufuza mavuto sayansi ndi kugulu - ndi amaonetsa ndi anthu amene amawerenga magazini sayansi. precondition ake ndi Kuyanjana pakathi pa gulu, chifukwa onsewo Amachitanso kukhala m'kati kulankhulana chokhwima kwa choonadi. Komabe, nkhani ya sayansi penapake ayi. Pa dzanja limodzi, akugwira ntchitoyi amakonda pogwirizanitsa statuses awo, adapotolokera kwa wina ndi mnzake "anzake", ndi pa zina - akuika zolepheretsa kutenga nawo mbali zakunja nkhaniyo chiyambi a maudindo wapadera sayansi ndi statuses. Pamene nkhani imeneyi kwambiri abstracted, bungwe bwino. Choncho zotsatira mfundo ya umboni.

Mfundo zokhudza nkhani za sayansi

Lingaliro la nkhani za sayansi kumapereka lingaliro multifunction nawo asayansi. Odnoremenno iwo azisonyeza kuti ofufuza, monga aphunzitsi, monga zolimbikitsa, ndipo, ndithudi, monga akatswiri mu nkhaniyo.

Mtengo wa mtundu uwu kanthu kulankhula lagona pa mfundo amafotokoza: kudziwa choonadi, kuphunzira. Iye ali ndi nzeru zina bwino njira. Zimatengera midadada motsatizana kafukufuku: ndi chiletso ndi kudzipatula phunziro; review kuyesetsa yapita kafukufuku; chiphunzitso cha malingaliro ndi zolinga; njira mtima; kupanga chitsanzo ongolankhula anakonza ndi phunziro kafukufuku; ulaliki wa zotsatira kafukufuku, anati kwa iwo ndi ndemanga anzawo; tanthauzo lothandiza; ulaliki m'magazini onena za sayansi.

Mitundu

Lingaliro la mtundu wanyimbo anatuluka mu XIX m'ma, mfundo nkhani - kumapeto kwa XX. Kwa nthawi yoyamba awo ophatikizana Chibugariya katswiri Todorov Tsvetan mu 1975. A chofunika stepi ino anali vuto la chitukuko cha sayansi "nkhani" gulu: mkati iliyonse ya mtundu umenewu amafuna mfundo zinanso pa unit kulankhulana kulankhula. Kwambiri yotakata mfundo mtundu wanyimbo ndi changwiro chabwera kufotokoza chito za nkhani. Iwo kwagona kuti, pa dzanja limodzi, chifukwa amapangidwa ndi kampani, ndi pa zina - amakhudza superstructure ake.

Monga ife Akutchulidwa, nkhani Mitundu ikukhudzana bwanji ndi maganizo ake enieni monga ulaliki wake. Makamaka, mtundu wanyimbo nkhani za sayansi angatchedwe umboni, ulaliki pa msonkhano, nkhani yolembedwa, monographs, sayansi-luso lipoti, lipoti kafukufuku, review, nkhani, chithunzi, umboni, pepala sayansi.

Modern mtundu wanyimbo dongosolo la nkhani za sayansi koma mitundu ake olembedwa ndi m'kamwa, muli kompyuta ndi kulankhulana (Echo-misonkhano, chats sayansi e-mail).

Malonda nkhani: a limagwirira

Tikugwirizana ndi dokotala wa sayansi philological Irinoy Germanovnoy Ovchinnikovoy kuti nkhani za malonda ndi osiyana ndi mitundu ina kulankhulana wapakamwa wa kudziyimira pawokha ake. Mosiyana ndi ena "mabungwe" lili kwambiri unidirectional, kuchokera wotsatsa kwa wosuta. Ndi chibadidwe chikhalidwe cha wanzeru cholinga chokhacho - kupeza phindu. Komanso malonda nkhani kuti mosamalitsa zonse kulankhulana ulaliki kuti: njira, nthawi ndi kufala pafupipafupi. malonda abwino ayenera kusinthidwa ndi miyambo ya anthu imene akupita kwa nthumwi.

Chikhalidwe Mipikisano faceted wa malonda nkhani momveka bwino taphunzira ndi Kufikika, ngakhale kwa layman monga buku Viktor Pelevin a "Chapaev ndi wachabechabe". Njira anasonyeza wapachiyambi: buku palokha ndi chisakanizo cha nkhani, lomwe ndi malonda kutsogolera. The protagonist, ndi copywriter Chitata, amalenga malonda mankhwala mu Mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kwathunthu kampeni tatifupi sewero, mfundo malonda ndi mawu. Monga, malinga Pelevin, copywriters kulimbikitsa anthu - malonda chinthu - kugula katundu wina ndi misonkhano? Chitata anafotokoza chifukwa choyambirira. Anthu, maganizo ake, mowirikiza kuyesera kuti upeze ufulu mavuto awo mosalekeza. Ndipo iwo otsatsa wochenjera kwambiri malonda nkhani razorachivayut zenizeni ufulu lino kuoneka ziyangoyango ndi mapiko, chitsulo, chakumwa chamandimu ndi zina zotero. D.

Mu buku "The Ufumu," wolemba anachenjeza, izo zikusonyeza mbali obwera chifukwa cha yakusatetezeka atachuluka malonda nkhani, mimicry muzochitika zones za moyo, kukongola m'malo mfundo za makhalidwe a anthu. Iye amazitsutsa nkhaniyo, disorienting anthu kusankha cholinga cha moyo ndi kuchotsa mfundo obschestvoobrazuyuschie.

Global Network ndi Nkhani

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za m'ma XXI ndi zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya kulankhulana kwaiye chitukuko cha umisiri zambiri. Makamaka, kulankhulana sing'anga a Internet lero ali ndi malo kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri. Internet nkhani amachita ngati kudalirana kwa epistolary ndi kalembedwe chitachitika. njira zake matanthauzo chachikulu chimakhala fanizo - predictive kusanthula dera kutengerapo item chimodzi (chodabwitsa) ndi mzake. Internet nkhani, monga AG Abramov, ali chikhalidwe cha Intaneti, T. E. zogwiritsa ndipo anachita mu nthawi yeniyeni. Komanso, amatenga kudzibisa kulankhulana, amakonda kulankhula. Kuthandauza kwa izo, tiyenera kufufuza ziwalo zikuluzikulu, koma ichi ndi mutu nkhani ina.

Pomaliza

Masiku ano palibe chikaiko kuti imodzi mwa njira zomwe chikhalidwe mu mapangidwe yathu yozindikira amachita nkhani. Zitsanzo za izi zambiri kudziwika. Pambuyo mapangidwe kulankhula mwa mawu a zithunzi wokongola kapena zamizimu maofesi chikhalidwe ndi mabungwe zikuchitika pa maziko a mfundo ukuyenda mwa anthu. Zimenezi mwayi kusintha chikumbumtima anthu.

Choncho, chotero, kulankhulana wapakamwa ayenera kunadetsa kutsatira zolinga njira ndi anthu abwino kuposa zofuna yochepa andale ndi amalonda.