Ancient Philosophy: Kupita Patsogolo ndi Development

Sitepe yoyamba yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri chiyambi ndi chitukuko nzeru zaumunthu maganizo ndi nzeru wakale. makolo ake ndi Agiriki akale ndi Aroma. Mu nkhokwe ya anzeru a nthawi "zida" a chidziwitso anali woonda zongopeka amalingalira ndi zakuthambo. akale ofufuza nzeru za anali woyamba kukhazikitsa kudzifunsa mafunso wosatha nkhawa munthu: zimene amaphunzitsa lonse loyandikira, kukhala ndi sanali wa dziko, umodzi wa zotsutsana, ufulu ndi kufunika kubadwa ndi imfa, tsogolo munthu, ntchito makhalidwe abwino, kukongola ndi sublimity, nzeru, ubwenzi, chikondi, chimwemwe, ulemu. Nkhanizi akugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano. Maziko mapangidwe ndi chitukuko nzeru zaumunthu maganizo ndi nzeru wakale wakhala Europe.

Nthawi nzeru wakale

Taonani, kodi mavuto waukulu kuthetsa nzeru wakale, magawo ake chitukuko sayansi.

Mu chitukuko cha nzeru za Agiriki ndi Aroma kungakhale conventionally delimit njira zinayi zofunika.

Choyamba, presocratian nthawi imagwera pa VII - V v. BC. Iye anapereka ntchito za sukulu Mileto ndi Eleatic, Heraclitus wa Efeso, Pythagoras ndi otsatira ake, Democritus ndi Levkipa. Iwo ntchito malamulo a chilengedwe, nyumba mtendere ndi Cosmos. Mtengo wa nthawi chisanadze Socratic, n'zovuta Musaone, chifukwa nzeru oyambirira wakale zinakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, zochita za anthu ndi dera ndale za ku Girisi.

Mbali khalidwe la chachiwiri, chakale nthawi (V -. IV Art BC) Maonekedwe Sophists. Iwo adza mavuto a chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe vuto anthu, maziko a logic ndi chinachititsa kuti a apamwamba sayansi. Kuwonjezera pa Sophists, oyambirira nzeru wakale mu nthawi iyi ukufanizidwa ndi mayina a Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Protogora. Pa nthawi yomweyo amayamba ndi nzeru Roma amasonyeza zitatu mbali yaikulu - Epicureanism, Stoicism ndi wosakhazikika.

Mu nthawi II IV m'ma BC. e. nzeru wakale amapita lachitatu, ellinestichesky, siteji ya chitukuko. Panthawi imeneyi, pali woyamba machitidwe nzeru zaumunthu, kwambiri wokhutira ndi masukulu atsopano a maganizo - Epikureya, maphunziro, ndipo perepatetiki ena. Oyimira a nthawi imene ulamuliro wa kusintha kwa nkhani za chikumbumtima ndi moralizing pa nthawi pamene chikhalidwe chawo ikuchepa. Mayina Epicurus, Theophrastus ndi Carneades umaimiridwa ndi gawo ili mu chitukuko cha nzeru.

Chiyambireni cha nthawi yathu (I - VI m'ma) nzeru wakale akulowa nthawi yake yotsiriza ya chitukuko. Pa nthawi iyi, otsogolera mu dziko wakale limabweretsa Rome, muulamuliro lake Greece. Mapangidwe nzeru Roma zinakhudza kwambiri ndi Greek, makamaka sitepe ake ellinestichesky. Mu nzeru ya Rome anapanga mbali zitatu zikuluzikulu - Epicureanism, Stoicism ndi wosakhazikika. Nthawiyi amakhala ndi ntchito akatswiri monga Aristotle, Socrates, Protogor Plato.

Chachitatu kapena m'zaka za zana lachinayi - pa nthawi ya zikamera ndi kukula kwa malangizo atsopano mu nzeru wakale - Neo-Platonism, amene anali kholo la Plato. maganizo ake ndi malingaliro makamaka mukopedwe nzeru ya Akhristu oyambirira ndi nzeru za Middle Ages.

Choncho ananyamuka nzeru akale, magawo chitukuko chimene wafunsira malingaliro ena chidwi: lingaliro la kugwirizana chilengedwe zochitika zonse ndi zinthu alipo mu dziko, ndi lingaliro la chitukuko wopandamalire.

Inali pa nthawi imeneyo anapanga mumaganiza epistemological - chuma ndi chabe. Demokrit, pokhala, kwenikweni, chuma, anandiuza kuti atomu ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono chinthu chilichonse. Mfundo imeneyi inali patsogolo kwa zaka za m'ma ake komanso mileniamu. Plato, kutsatira mfundo n'zosatheka, analenga chiphunzitso dialectical zinthu payekha ndi mfundo ambiri.

Nzeru ya nthawi zakale anali mmodzi wa palokha mitundu ya kutsitsimuka chikhalidwe. Mothandizidwa ndi maganizo kwathunthu kwa dziko unakhazikitsidwa. nzeru wakale amatilola kufufuza njira lonse la chitukuko cha ganizo ongolankhula, wodzala ndi maganizo odabwitsa komanso molimba mtima. Zambiri zomwe kuti ayesetsa kuthetsa wakale Greek ndi Roman maganizo nthanthi simunataye mwakuwona awo mu nthawi yathu.