Nkhondo ya ku America-Mexican ya 1846-1848. Chiyambi cha mavutowo, olamulira, akutsutsa malo

Nkhondo ya USA ndi Mexico chifukwa cha kutsutsana kwa Texas kunapangitsa kuti Amerika asagwire Texas yekha, koma onse a kumadzulo kwakumadzulo kwawo. Ntchitoyi inkachitika pamtunda wambiri ndipo idakumbukiridwa ndi kayendetsedwe kake ka gululi.

Ndewu yozungulira Texas

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, Dziko Latsopano linakumana ndi nkhondo yofunikira kwambiri kuderali. Kukhetsa mwazi kunayamba chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pakati pa US ndi Mexico. Mayiko sakanatha kugawana nawo Texas. Mu 1836, dera limeneli linachoka ku Mexico ndipo linalengeza ufulu wake (Mexico sanadziwe ufulu wodziimira ndi boma ndipo dzikoli linangoyamba kumene kuti likhale lopatulidwa).

Texas nthawi yomweyo anayamba kukhazikitsa mauthenga ndi United States. Nkhondo za ku America-Mexico zinayamba chifukwa cha Washington kufuna kukhala nawo pandezidenti. Njira yandale imeneyi idalitsidwira ndi a Democrats. Mu 1844, James Polk anakhala pulezidenti wawo wa ku America. Mu bungwe la America palokha, malingaliro a kuwonjezereka kwa Texas anali awiri. Ndi mbali imodzi, anthu okhala kumwera chakumwera ankafuna izi, ndipo mbali ina ya kumpoto kwa mafakitale, omwe anali kumenyana ndi eni ake a kummwera, ankatsutsanso.

Kukanika kwa nkhondo

Mosiyana ndi zotsutsana zonse, magawo otsutsana analowa mu United States. Izi zinachitika mu 1845, pamene Texas anakhala boma la 28 pansi pa ndalamazo. Mexico idakaliyang'ana kuti dzikoli ndilo gawo lake, ndipo chifukwa chake akuluakulu ake a boma adatsutsa kwambiri Washington. Ubale pakati pa maiko awiriwa unachepa kwambiri. Zinthu zinali pafupi ndi zovuta.

France ndi Britain anayesera kuloŵerera mu nkhondoyi. Atsogoleri awiri a ku Ulaya anazindikira kuti Texas ndi boma lodziimira payekha ndipo adaona kuti dziko la United States ndilo boma lachidziŵitso. Atsogoleredwa ndi izi, ku Paris ndi London analimbikitsa Mexico kuti asanene nkhondo ku United States. Komabe, khama lawo silinapite pachabe.

Kulephera kwa zokambirana

Chifukwa cha kutha kwa nkhondo chinali malire a US-Mexico. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha Texas, mayiko sankagwirizana kuti ali ndi gawo liti. Mexico ankaona malire ngati Nuezes, ndipo United States ndi Rio Grande. Mtsutsowo sunathetsere pamene, kumapeto kwa 1845, asilikali a US adalowa ku Texas. Nyanjayi inkawoneka ndi zida zamakono zamakono.

Boma la US likukonzekera msonkhano wotsatira womwe ukuchitika mobisa. Anthuwa sanaganizepo chilichonse chokhudza kukhetsa magazi. Pakuti mtundu wa zokambirana unayambika pa kugula kwa mayiko a ku Mexican. Mayiko anapereka ndalama zosiyana pogawa madera akumadzulo kwa Texas. Zinali California ($ 25 miliyoni) ndi New Mexico ($ 5 miliyoni). Pankhaniyi, nthaka yotsutsana pakati pa Rio Grande ndi Nuezes yapita ku Texas kwaulere. Choperekacho chinakanidwa.

Mkhalidwe wa ndale ku Mexico

Chakumapeto kwa nkhondo, Mexico inalowa nyengo yandale. Mu 1846, dzikoli linasinthidwa kawiri ndi purezidenti, kasanu ndi kawiri ndi Mtumiki wa Chitetezo, ndipo khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi Minister of Finance. Leapfrog inachitika pazochitika zowonjezera malingaliro a anti-American. Anthu onse anali okonda kwambiri dziko. Aliyense yemwe ankanena mphamvu ndi kulimbikitsa mtendere wamtendere wotsutsana ndi US nthawi yomweyo anakhala wodetsedwa.

Boma lopangidwa ndi akatswiri a dziko linakhazikitsidwa ku Mexico, iwo adapititsa patsogolo chiyanjano ndi oyandikana nawo chakumpoto. Akuluakulu andale atsopano adanena poyera kuti akunena kuti Texas. Nkhondo za ku America ndi Mexican zinalikuyandikira kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa 1846 ku Washington analandira uthenga umene otsutsa anakana kukumana ndi nthumwi ina yapadera.

Arista Mariano

Pa March 8, 1846, ankhondo a ku America anawoloka Rubicon ndipo analowa m'dera la Mexico. Chisankho choyambitsa nkhondo chinapangidwa ku Washington madzulo. Pamphepete mwa Rio Grande, ankhondo anayamba kumanga mipanda ndi kumanga mabatire. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kutsekedwa kwa madoko a adani kunatsatidwa.

Nkhondo yapakatikati ya United States ndi Mexico inayamba pa April 23, pamene Mexico inalengeza nkhondo ku States. Woyang'anira wamkulu poyamba anali Arista Mariano. Ntchito yake ya usilikali imene iye anamanga m'magulu a Spain. Amayi a Mexico atayamba kumenya nkhondo, apolisiwo anagwirizana ndi otsutsa boma. Mariano anali wothandizira malingaliro apamwamba. Nkhondo za ku America za ku Mexican zitatha, adayamba kupanga katswiri wa ndale, ndipo mu 1851-1853. Pulezidenti wa Mexico.

Major-General Taylor

United States inayankha ku Mexico powalengeza nkhondo pa May 13. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa ku America anali Zachary Taylor. Iye anabadwira ku Virginia ndipo adatsimikizira kale kuti ali bwino pa nkhondo ya Anglo-America. Kuphatikiza apo, iye anazunza ambiri mu chipululu cha Indian. Choyamba, anayenera kukhala kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa Mexico, ndipo ngati mdaniyo akana kukana, ayenera kuti anaopseza Mexico City.

Chifukwa chogonjetsa Zachary Taylor, yemwe anali woyandikana naye chakumwera, yemwe sanakhalepo ndi boma, njira ya ndale inatsegulidwa. Mu 1848 anasankhidwa pulezidenti wa 12 wa United States. Komabe, panthaŵi imeneyo thanzi lake linali litadetsedwa kale ndi matenda ambiri omwe anatsagana ndi msilikaliyo panthaŵi ya ntchito zake. Taylor anamwalira chaka chotsatira atayamba ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kupambana kwake sikuyenera kukhala pa ofesi ya purezidenti, koma kuti apambane ndi a Mexico.

Kubwerera kwa Santa Anne

Posakhalitsa malire a US-Mexico atatsalira, asilikali a ku United States adagwira mzinda wa Matamoros, pokhala atam'thamangitsa kale kumagetsi. Owukirawo anali ndi luso, luso labwino komanso loyenerera, chifukwa chogonjetsa zawo zinali zomveka komanso zachilengedwe. Matamoros atapereka mizinda ingapo: Seralvo, Camargo ndi Reynos.

Kuyamba kwa mavutowo kwachititsa kusintha kwina kwa mphamvu ku Mexico. Boma linatenga olamulira aja. Iwo anachita zochitika zingapo ndipo anabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo wa General Antonio Lopez wa Santa Anne. Pokhala pulezidenti, adatsogolera zokambirana zatsopano ndi anthu a ku America.

Storming Monterrey

Panthawiyi, pa September 20, 1846, asilikali a Taylor anagonjetsa mzinda wa Monterrey. Makomawo sanapangidwe ndi zida kwa masiku angapo. Anthu ozungulira mzindawu anapeza phindu pokhapokha asilikali a Texas atagonjetsa mapiri angapo kumadzulo kwa mzinda wa Monterrey. Chikhalidwe choyenera chinaloleza Achimereka kuti achite nkhondo kumbali zonse, zomwe zinapindula bwino.

Tsiku lachisanu, anthu a ku Mexico omwe anali okhaokha anasiya zipolopolo, ndipo anachotsa. Owukirawo anapha anthu oposa 500, kuzungulira - 300. Asilikali a Taylor anali atatopa. Kulemera kwakukulu kunamukakamiza mkulu wa asilikali kuti amasule asilikali a ku Mexican, kuwaika manja ndi mabanki. Mphepo yamkuntho inachititsa kuti Monterey akhale wambiri. Gawo lalikulu la mzindalo linawonongedwa ndipo linawotchedwa. Mbiri ya Mexico ili ndi zochitika zodabwitsa, koma uku ndi kuzungulira kumene a Mexico akuwona chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri cha nkhondo ndi United States.

Kupitirizabe ntchitoyi

Pambuyo pa Monterrey, a ku America adaperekedwa ku likulu la dziko la Coahuila Saltillo. Mu November, chidole chachikulu cha ku Mexico chotchedwa Tampico chinalandidwa. Nthaŵi yonseyi, Santa Anna adapitiriza kusonkhanitsa mphamvu ndikukonzekera nkhondo yovuta. Cholinga chake chinali asilikali a Taylor, omwe ali pafupi ndi Saltillo. Asilikali akuluakulu a ku Mexico adagonjetsedwa ndi a America pa February 22-23, 1847, pa nkhondo ya Bueno Vista. Anthu a Santa Anna anayenera kugonjetsa njira ya makilomita 300 kudutsa m'chipululu chouma. Asilikali akuvutika chifukwa cha kusowa chakudya komanso madzi. Panali zovuta kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondoyi, mzimu wa nkhondo wa asilikali a ku Mexico unasiyidwa kwambiri.

Malo a mwazi anatsogolera ku Saltillo kupitilira mapiri. Tsiku loyamba, a Mexico adayendayenda gulu la adani kuchokera kumanzere kumanzere, adalowa kumbuyo ndikugonjetsa phiko lolamulidwa ndi Taylor. Madera ena a ku America anabwerera kumalo a Saltillo. Nkhondoyo inayamba pa February 23. Madzulo, Santa Anna mosayembekezereka anabwerera. Iye adalongosola chigamulo chake podziwa kuti panali zida za nkhondo. Anthu a ku Mexico anafa pafupifupi 1,500, ndipo a ku America anataya 700.

Dulani ku Mexico City

Mkhalidwe wa ku Mexico unali kuipa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti Texas, California ndi zigawo zina zinapitiliza kudutsa pansi pa ulamuliro wa United States, pakugonjetsedwa pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa dziko linataya ndalama. Boma linalamula kuti afunse gawo limodzi la katundu wa tchalitchi. Kugulitsa kwake kungathandize kupitiliza nkhondo. Komabe, ndi zochitika zoterezi, magawo osiyanasiyana a dziko la Mexico sanavomereze.

Kuukira kwa boma kunayamba. Santa Anna anafulumira kuchoka kutsogolo ndikupita kukayeretsa likulu. Ku Mexico, panthawiyi, boma linagonjetsedwa. Santa Anna anaphatikizana ndi otsutsa. Pambuyo kugwa kwa ulamuliro wakale, adalandira mphamvu zowonongeka.

Kutsika ku Veracruz

Ngakhale kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni inayamba ku Mexico, nkhondo za ku America ndi Mexico zinapitirizabe. Pa gawo lotsiriza la msonkhano, asilikali a ku America omwe adagwira kumpoto analeka kupondereza kwake ndipo anateteza malo ake. Kusamukira ku likulu la mdani kupyolera mu steppes ndi midzi-yam'mphepete, kumene kunalibe madzi, Achimereka sankayesa. M'malo mwake, phwando lawo linafika pa doko la Veracruz. Kuchokera kwa iye inali njira yayitali kwambiri ku Mexico City.

Winfield Scott anasankhidwa mtsogoleri mu ntchito yatsopanoyi. Pulezidenti sanagwirizane ndi chipani cha demokarasi, chifukwa cha kutchuka kwake adayamba kale kudzitengera chisankho pambuyo pa chisankho chotsatira. Kufika kwa zaka 12,000 kunayamba pa March 9, 1847. Amuna ambiri am'tsogolo a nkhondo ya Civil War ku United States, kuphatikizapo George Mead ndi Robert Lee, adagwira nawo ntchito yotengedwa ndi Veracruz.

Kutsogolo kwatsopano

Veracruz adatchulidwa pa March 29. Anthu a ku America anapha anthu 80 okha, koma m'magulu awo ankhondo adayambitsa matenda a chiwindi. Kulimbikitsidwa ndi zochitika Winfield Scott anafulumira. Pa April 17, asilikali ake anakumana ndi asilikali a ku Mexican, omwe adalamuliranso Santa Anna. Anthu a ku America adagwiritsa ntchito njirayi, adayika maulendo awo ndipo adagonjetsa nkhondoyo.

Pa April 22, mzinda wa Perote unagwa, ndipo pa May 15 - Puebla. Chokhumudwitsacho chinasokonezedwa ndi nkhondo yachangu yomwe inkazungulira kuzungulira Veracruz. Otsutsawo anaukira magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi nthumwi za anthu ogwira ntchito. Maguluwa anaphwanya magalimoto, zipangizo komanso zisankho. Kuwonjezera pa msewu Scott anatenga, Achimereka sanawoneke mkati mwa dzikolo, akulamulira kokha gombe ndi madoko ofunika kwambiri.

Kutha Kwatha

Chilimwe chonse cha 1847, nthumwi ya pulezidenti wa ku Mexico anayesa kukambirana ndi boma la US kuti athetse nkhondo. Maphwando sakanatha kufika mgwirizano pazochitika, ndipo zokambiranazo zinkapitirirabe. Panthawiyi, asilikali a Scott adayima ku Puebla, kuti akonze mphamvu asanafike. Mexico inali kale pafupi. Pa August 20, 1847 pankhondo pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Churubusko, a ku America anaphwanya asilikali a Manuel Rincon.

Atapambana chigonjetso china, asilikali a Scott anali makilomita ochepa okha kuchokera ku likulu la Mexico. Pa September 13, anthu a ku America anagonjetsa linga la chapulteque. Masiku ano, malo ano akuonedwa kuti ndilo pakati pa Mexico City, yomwe ili ndi anthu pafupifupi 9 miliyoni. Pa nkhondo za likululi, asilikali opitirira 2,700 a ku America anaphedwa, 383 omwe anali apolisi.

Kukambirana ndi zikhalidwe za mtendere

Mu October 1847, asilikali omwe ankakhala ku Mexico, kale anali ndi anthu 43,000. Boma linali lofa ziwalo, Santa Anna anathawa m'dzikoli. Ndipo ngakhale kuti kukana kwadongosolo kunathera, kusagwirizana kwazing'ono pakati pa ovomerezeka ndi oponderezedwa anapitiriza.

Ndondomekoyi inakhala miyezi ingapo. Ku US, chigonjetso chinasandutsa mutu wa maboma ndi anthu. Zomwe anthu a ku America ankafuna zinakhala zovuta kwambiri. Ena amafika pakhomopo ngakhale atangophatikizapo kulumikiza Mexico kwathunthu. Potsutsana ndi malingaliro amenewa, mbali yowonongekayo iyenera kuvomerezana kwambiri ndi kuvomereza zofunikira zonse za boma.

Mgwirizano wamtendere unasindikizidwa pa February 2, 1848 ku Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Pofuna ndalama zokwana madola 15 miliyoni, Mexico inapatsa mayiko a US makilomita oposa milioni. Awa ndiwo maiko a California, Texas, Nevada ndi Utah. Ambiri a Arizona ndi New Mexico adatulutsidwa. Mtsinje wa Rio Grande unadziwika kuti ndi malire a boma. Chigonjetso mu nkhondo chinapitiriza kukula kwa US kumadzulo. Maderawa ali ndi mwayi wopita ku Pacific Ocean.