Kugonjetsedwa kwa goli la Horde: zochitika, mbiri, zochititsa chidwi

Zisanayambe, imodzi yokha ndi yochititsa chidwi ya Golden Horde kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 m'zaka za zana la XV inayamba kupereka zizindikiro zomveka zosagwirizana. Ichi chinali chofunikira chofunikira kuti chiyambi cha ndondomeko, zotsatira zake ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa goli la Horde, limene kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri ndi theka linagonjetsa dziko la Russia. Tsikuli limatengedwa kuti ndi November 11, 1480, pamene nkhondo yambiri yaitali pamtsinje wa Ugra pakati pa asilikali a ku Russia ndi asilikali a Tatar inatha pomathawa.

Kugwa kwa Horde

Horde ndi ulamuliro wa mkulu wa asilikali Emir Edigey, yemwe anayesa kuteteza boma kuti asagwirizane ndi dzanja lachitsulo, sanapulumutse Horde. Nthawi yomweyo itangomaliza kugonjetsedwa mu 1411, maofesi atsopano odziimira okhaokha anapangidwa, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, adawaopseza, anapitiriza kupanga mphamvu zomwe zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, Great Horde. Khan Ahmam, yemwe adalamulira m'zaka zimenezi, adakwanitsa kubwezeretsa utsogoleri wakale wa dziko la Tatar-Mongolia, koma kulimbikitsidwa kunali kanthawi kochepa, ndipo chifukwa chake, kugonjetsedwa kwa goli la Horde kunakhala ngati chikhalidwe chosadziwika. Zolimba kwambiri zinalizo zotsutsa za atsogoleri a Chitata aliyense.

Kulimbikitsa Mfundo za Moscow

Panthaŵi yomweyi, kunali kulimbikitsana kwakukulu ku Moscow, kopanda nkhondo yonse ya Russia kuti iwononge goli la Horde sakanatha. Chiwonetsero chowonekera ichi chinali kukana kwa Grand Duke Ivan III kulipira Horde msonkho umene unakhazikitsidwa. Chotsatira chake, ndalama zonse zomwe amapeza kuchokera ku mayiko a Russia omwe khans adakali kuganiziranso ngati zilonda zawo - madera omwe akulamulidwa - posachedwa adzachoka. Kuchokera nthawi ino, mkulu wa Moscow ndi Horde khan akuyamba kulimbana ndi nkhondo yosagwirizana. Kugonjetsedwa kwa goli la Horde kunakhaladi chenicheni.

Kukonzekera nkhondo

Khan Akhmat, yemwe ndi wolamulira wa Great Horde, adadziwa kuti ku Moscow kokha kuli kovuta komanso kovuta kukakamiza anthu a ku Russia kuti awonenso msonkho. Izi zinamupangitsa kuyamba kukonzekera ntchito yapadera. Osakhutitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya asilikali omwe adawasonkhanitsa (kugwa kwa Horde wakale kunakhudzidwa), Ahmat adamaliza mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi usilikali ndi mkulu wa dziko la Kilithuania, Casimir, yemwe adatinso kuti akugwira ntchito yowanda za dziko la Russia.

Mkulu wa Moscow, Ivan III - wolemba ndale wochenjera komanso wochenjera, pofufuza molondola mkhalidwewo, adafuna thandizo la Crimea Khan Mengli-Giray, yemwe anali mpikisano wosagwirizana wa Akhmat. Kuwerengeraku kunachokera pa mfundo yakuti adawopa kuti kulimbikitsidwa kwa Horde lord, yemwe, atapititsa ku Moscow, akhoza kutembenuza asilikali ake kupita ku Crimea, omwe adakhalapo kale. Poyang'ana mmbuyomo, zikhoza kumveka bwino kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa goli la Horde makamaka chifukwa cha mikangano ndi mikangano ya internecine yomwe Horde anavutika panthawi yomwe inagonjetsedwa. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zapulumuka kwa ife.

Zomwe zinawonongedwa ndi goli la Horde linayamba

M'chaka cha 1480, pamene gulu lankhondo la Khan Akhmat, okwana 100,000, linasamukira ku Moscow, linamupha. Malingana ndi mgwirizano womwe unagwirizana kale, panthaŵi imodzimodziyo asilikali a ku Kilithuania amayenera kuchita, koma zenizenizo zinaphwanya kwambiri mapulani awa - anzanga a Moscow, a Crimea Khan, mwadzidzidzi adagonjetsa gawo la Lithuanian chachikulu ndi magulu ake. Nkhanza zake zosayembekezereka zinamukakamiza akalonga a ku Kilithuania kuganizira mphamvu zawo zonse ndikuwonetsa Akhmat za chithandizo chawo. Chifukwa chake, khansa amayenera kudalira mphamvu zake zokha.

Panthawiyi, maulamuliro a ku Russia, atadziwitsidwa zisanachitike, mdani wa Oka analowa. Atafika ku Moscow, a Tatata adagonjetsa ndi kuwononga Kaluga ndi Serpukhov mu June. Zinthuzo zinali zovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti nthawi yomweyo German knights anadza ku Pskov. Ankhondo ambiri anali kuwatsogolera motsogoleredwa ndi Ivan Molodoy, mwana wamng'ono wa Moscow Prince Ivan III. Grand Duke mwiniwakeyo anali panthawiyo ku Kolomna ndi akuluakulu.

Kusamvana pa Ugra

Popanda kukhazikitsa chiyembekezo cha Kilithuania, Khan Akhmat anatumiza asilikali ake kumtsinje wa Ugra River, womwe unali kumalire a kumwera kwakumadzulo kwa dziko la Russia, ndipo, poyembekeza Prince Kazimierz, adatenga malo oteteza. Komabe, mosiyana ndi iwo ku banki ina ya mtsinjewu, zida zapamwamba za ku Russia zinaonekera posakhalitsa, ndipo pambuyo pake zida zazikulu zotsogoleredwa ndi kalonga wa Moscow zinadza. Choncho, Khan sakanatha kudalira zodabwitsa za kuukiridwa.

Kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, mbali zonse ziwirizo zinayesanso mobwerezabwereza, kuwoloka mtsinjewu, kuyambitsa chokhumudwitsa, koma palibe ngakhale mmodzi wa iwo amene adapambana. Komabe, zinthu zinasintha chifukwa cha anthu a ku Russia. Maulamuliro a Prince of Uglich Prince Andrei ndi Volotsky, Boris, omwe anali asanafunepo kuti athandizire Ivan III, adawafikira. Popeza Khan Ahmat sanayembekezere mgwirizanowo wa Lithuania, kupambana kwa mphamvuyi kunkafuna kuti anthu a ku Russia adziwe.

Yophukira, chisanu ndi chakudya

Zonse za chilimwe ndi kumayambiriro kwa autumn wa 1480 kunali zida zosalekeza pakati pa asilikali omwe anali pamphepete mwa mtsinjewu. Nthaŵi zina iwo ankasokonezeka ndi kuyesera kuti akwaniritse zotsatirapo kudzera muzokambirana. Komabe, Moscow adakana kukonzanso msonkho, ndipo Ahmat sanavomereze zina zilizonse za mtendere. Izi zinapitirira mpaka November.

Zima chaka chimenecho chinadza mofulumira, ndipo kale kumayambiriro kwa mwezi Ugra analiza, ndipo mabanki ake anali ndi chipale chofewa cha chisanu. Popeza a Tatata ankayembekezera kuti ntchito yawo idzayendetsa ntchito yachangu mofulumizitsa, ndipo sanasamalire kupereka chakudya ndi chakudya, posakhalitsa panali njala m'msasa wawo. Ndipo akavalo awo a nkhondo nayenso anavutika chifukwa cha kusowa chakudya.

Chochitika chomwe chinayambitsa kugonjetsedwa kwa goli la Horde

Fotokozani mwachidule zomwe zinachitika pa November 11, 1480, zovuta kwambiri. Komanso, ngakhale pakati pa olemba mbiri palibe kugwirizana pa izi. Pakati pa iwo, mikangano yokhudzana ndi ngati inali yonyenga, yomwe inachitidwa ndi Ivan III, kapena inathandiza, siimatha. Koma zikudziwika kuti tsiku lomwelo kalonga adalamula asilikali ake kuti alowe m'mudzi wa Borovsk. Anthu a ku Russia atachoka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe Tatata anachitazi zinali zosadabwitsa - anathawa.

Ambiri akulongosola izi poyera kuti zochita za a Russia zinkawoneka ngati kunyengerera anthu a Chitata mumsampha wokonzedweratu pamtunda, ndipo ngati zili choncho, ziyenera kuti zinali zazikulu zomwe sanaganizirepo. Koma, Tatara anathawa mwanjira ina. Motero, kugonjetsedwa kwa goli la Horde kunachitika chifukwa cha njira yowonongeka bwino, osati nkhondo yamagazi. Komabe, mbiri yakale imadziwa zambiri zoterezi.

Chiyambi cha Njira Yaikuru

Komabe, ichi chinali chiyambi chabe cha ndondomekoyi, ndipo kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa goli la Horde kunali kudzabwera. Pasanathe zaka ziwiri, a Tatata anawononga ndi kutentha Kiev, ndipo kenaka anagwira ntchito yowononga kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Russia. Kuvuta kwa mkhalidwewo kunakula kwambiri ndi Lithuania. Pofika m'chaka cha 1501, zida zonse zankhondo zinayenera kuponyedwa panthawi yachisokonezo chake, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, Ivan III anakakamizika kubwezeretsa msonkho kwa Horde wotsatira, mwana wa Khan Akhmad Sheikh-Ahmed, kupatulapo kugonjetsedwa kwathunthu kwa goli la Horde. Tsiku la November 11 ndilo kuyamba kwa ulendo wautali, kukwaniritsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa Ivan the Terrible, komabe akukhulupirira kuti lero lino mapeto a goli loposa zaka mazana awiri adatha.

Ngakhale atachotsedwa Kazan Khanate mu 1552, dziko la Russia linazunzidwa kwa zaka zambiri kuchokera kwa anthu osankhidwa, koma nkhondo yawo idali ndi khalidwe lokhalanso lopanda chilango ndipo linagonjetsedwa ndi magulu ankhondo. Pafupi kudalira kulikonse kwa dziko la Russia ku mafuko a steppe, ndipo mochuluka kwambiri pa kulipira kwa msonkho sikunaliponso. Mmodzi mwa masamba akuda kwambiri a mbiriyakale ya Russia anali nthawizonse atatembenuzidwa mozondoka.