Novodevichy Akatolika mu Moscow, kumene? History of obisika ndi

Mmodzi wa akuluakulu Russian ngale mapulani imatengedwa kuti ndi Novodevichy Akatolika mu Moscow. Obisika Museum kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XVI chikuchitika mu unakhota wa Moskva Mtsinje mu malo mbiri wotchedwa munda Buthu, ndi silimatha kukopa ndi kukongola ndi kale Sipadzakhalanso mtsinje wa alendo ndi wogonera.

zochitika chinsinsi ndi nthano ayambitsa Novodevichy Akatolika. Mu Moscow, kumene obisika wakale, pa Chitata Goli anthu Russian anasonkhana msonkho kwa Golden gulu. Msonkho linaperekedwa kwa Chitata, osati ndalama za golidi ndi tsitsi. Iwo uli pano anabweretsa Russian kukongola atsikana amene tsoka wakhala anakonzeratu ndi nthawi ya ukapolo. Kuyambira pamenepo, munda ankatchedwa Buthu, ndi dziko lapansi pano, amene anaona chisoni nthawi zonse anakhalabe titanyowa ndi misozi. Apa ndi Novodevichy Akatolika mu Moscow, izo maziko amene mbiri amabwerera zaka zambiri, nthawi ya kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya Russia.

Ndi nthawi mgwirizano wa Moscow m'dziko

Novodevichy Akatolika Amayi a Mulungu a mbiri Smolensk inayamba mu 1524 ndipo maonekedwe ake ayenera chochitika choperekera Russia - akamaliza kugwirizana kwa Muscovy. Grand Prince Vasily III wa Moscow, amatchedwa "wokhometsa a m'mayiko Russian", munthu ndi cholowa cha mafumu Byzantine, ndi kuteteza Orthodoxy kwa osakhulupirira.

Grand yogwirizanitsa dziko Russia zinatha kumasulidwa kuchokera mu ulamuliro Chilituyaniya wa Smolensk - mzinda, amene adali kufunika njira boma Russian. Nkhondo zakale zinachitika mu 1514, ndipo zaka 10 pambuyo pake, kukwaniritsa lonjezo lake anapanga asanapite ku Smolensk, Prince anayambitsa obisika ndi mpingo, wopatulidwa ku Smolensk chithunzi cha Mayi Wopatulikitsa ( "Putevoditelnitsy").

Great njira Smolensk Icon

The chithunzi cha Smolensk Amayi a Mulungu anafika ku dziko Russian m'zaka XI, pamaso pa Kubwera kwa Muscovy. Malinga ndi nthano, olembedwa pa moyo padziko lapansi la Mtumwi Virgin Luka, iye wabwera kutali ndi Yerusalemu ku likulu Byzantine wa Constantinople, kenako Russian Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Iye amayembekezeka kukhala kachisi wa mitundu akalonga Russian. Ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali, fano mozizwitsa amapezeka mu mpingo wa Akukwera Smolensk. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, izo linkatchedwa Smolensk chithunzi cha mayi wa Mulungu, ndi mzinda tsopano kusungidwa pa mavuto a Virgin. M'mbiri ya XIII m'ma makamaka kufotokoza chozizwitsa chizindikiro kuti pamene iye anapulumutsa Smolensk ku mliri wa asilikali a Batu.

Kuyambira 1398 fano mozizwitsa chinali mu Muscovy. Ndinatuluka Sophia Vitovtovna, Moscow Prince Vasily I. mkazi akuchezeredwa kuti Smolensk kwa atate wake, Chilituyaniya kalonga, Sophia analandira madalitso kholo ndi kutitsogolera kusunga fano kunyumba. Kuziyika izo zinanenedweratu mu Annunciation Cathedral wa boma la Russia.

Kwa zaka zambiri anthu akazembe a Smolensk kuti tizilemba Vasili III ya kubwerera kwa chizindikirochi. Koma pamene kusankha kuphatikiza dziko Russian ndi chilakolako chofuna kukopa anthu a Smolensk kumbali Russian wa kalonga walola chochitika zimenezi zichitike.

Asanatumize kachisi mu njira yaitali kuti Smolensk, pa behest a kalonga ndi zithunzi kuchotsedwa mndandanda molondola, amene anamuthawa mu Annunciation Cathedral. The Novodevichy Akatolika mu Moscow, kumene tsopano ndi mndandanda wa zithunzi, iye anafika mu 1525.

Mu Smolensk kachisi limodzi chionetsero ndi boma la Russia makoma kwa Sawin obisika. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo pa pemphero lalikulu anasamukira pamodzi Smolensk msewu.

awo zimenezi wakhala chikondwerero chaka ntchito chikondwerero ndi chionetsero cha ku malo tsopano anatambasula za Novodevichy Akatolika. Moscow, Russia, Russian Orthodox Akristu onse alemekeze July 28 Smolensk chithunzi cha mayi wa Mulungu. Pa nthawi imeneyi, pambuyo nkhondo wopambana wa Smolensk, woyamba matabwa mpingo wa agulupa latsopano limeneli anayalidwa.

Kodi dzina ya agulupa pa Field Namwali

Agulupa wotchedwa "Novodevichy" sanali mwangozi. Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XVI Moscow kale akazi awiri obisika - agulupa wamkulu wa CHAKUBADWA, wotchedwa ndiye Starodevichim, ndipo lili pa dera la Ascension ndi Moscow Kremlin a. Dzina lenileni la agulupa pa Field ndi Virgin, yotchulidwa mbiri mu 1598 - Koposa Koyera Virgin Hodegetria The unani umenewo latsopano.

Pali lina lomwe maonekedwe a udindowo. Abbess wa agulupa anali odzipereka kwa chithunzithunzi-sisitere Elena, bayou ndi wokonda moyo wodzimana Suzdal Pokrovsky obisika. Kuyambira Suzdal kwa latsopano kunyumba abbess tuluka ndipo 18 avirigo, ndi kuti titumikire mu kuyesetsa anu onse. Moyo wa avirigo pa obisika linakhazikitsidwa ndi mfundo akale dormitory ndipo imvera lamulo okhwima. Mpaka nthawi ino kupulumutsa wapadera pamanja chikalata wasenza ndi abbess wa Novodevichy Akatolika - hayala ndi tsiku kunyumba kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVI.

Bayou Elena linachita kuti "vseizryadnoy mphunzitsi namwali udindo," ndipo mumpingo Devochkin dzina lakuti chifukwa cha mwapadera kwa atsikana otumikira. Chikondi ndi chisamaliro anasonyeza mwa abbess anali wamkulu kuti mizu akale Moscow ana amasiye dzina akazi.

Mbiri ya Novodevichy Akatolika ziri zodziwika bwino kuti pa nthawi imene Peter ndinali kuno bungwe pogona kwa ana, atsikana anabadwa mozemba. Avirigo kulera ndi kuphunzitsa rigor awo, chowathandiza kudzichepetsa ndi kumvera. Mwiniwake Peter ine ndinaganiza kuphunzitsa novices obisika zingwe pa unsembe Dutch. Pogona ndi zinachitika loyamba tsogolo la Moscow ana amasiye atsikana makalasi mkulu.

Mbiri ya agulupa akazi ndi pogona atsikana amasiye kenako anapitiriza ndi Kuuka Novodevichy ansembe yotchedwa linakhazikitsidwa ndi dongosolo la Mfumukazi Elizabeth mu 1746. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iye waganiza kusamutsa zinachitikira Moscow avirigo ku St. Petersburg. A makamaka wotchuka obisika anayamba ntchito pa heyday wa monasticism mwa akazi m'zaka za m'ma XIX.

Baibulo lina zifukwa woyamba agulupa

Azambiriyakale pafupifupi anagwirizana amavomereza kuti chimodzi mwa zifukwa kwa woyamba masisitere yatsopano ndipo anali sewero munthu Vasily III. akusonyezedwa kufanana pakati pa yomanga obisika ndi chilekano mlandu wa kalonga. Anasankha iwo Solomonia Saburova pa banja zaka 20, ndinali sangathe Kuwapatsa kalonga wolowa. Oopa abale ake, n'kumaganiza kuti alamulire, analandira chilolezo kuchokera ku mpingo kukwatiwanso. Atalephera kupirira ntchito ukwati ndi mkazi wake Solomonia Vasily III anakakamizika kutenga chophimba ndi kuthamangitsidwa yake Khirisimasi obisika. Mu 1525 izo christened Sophia.

Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Novodevichy Akatolika mu Moscow, ndiwo mndandanda wa Smolensk mafano anali lapangidwira Solomo. Ndipo Vasily III, «upainiya" ya Mafumu mu yokakamiza akachotsa mkazi wake kwa mpanda wa agulupa, kuyesera Choncho pochepetsa wolakwa.

Ndi boma la Russia kuti Novodevichy Akatolika anali atatu okha miles. Koma kusamukira ku malo kwabasi pafupi Moscow sisitere Sophia sanathe kuthera masiku ake ndinapatsidwa mu Suzdal, Pokrovsky kumbuyo makoma a masisitere. moyo wake wolungama anam'chititsa aweruze ndi wopatulika, ndipo lero adzalemekezedwa ndi okhulupirira monga Sofiya Suzdalskaya M'busa.

Godunovs ndi Novodevichy Akatolika

Mchitidwe chisoni anthu Buku mabanja achifumu anapitiriza Ivan Grozny. Iye anabisa pano wamasiye wa m'bale wake ndi mwana wake. Agulupa anatenga mkazi wamasiye wa Fedor Ine Ioanovicha, Irina Godunov, kuteteza kuti imfa ya m'bale wake Boris. anasankha kusiya obisika imfa ya mwamuna wake anali ndiye lofanana ndi abdication. Koma apa ndi mfumukazi ya sisitere anapita pa ntchito pagulu, kupanga malo a nyumba yachifumu. Zinali kuno katatu anabwera kugwadira boyars amene anafunsa Boris kulamulira.

chidwi ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Novodevichy Akatolika anayamba nachiyika Boris Godunov, amene anayamba kulamulira mu 1598. Mlongo wake Irina Fedorovna anamanga latsopano lalikulu maselo, yopemphereramo ndi refectory. Zitatero, iwo dzina Irininskimi zipinda. Komanso Ndalama zinatumizidwa allocated ndi kukonzanso lathunthu la Smolensk Cathedral, murals wobwezeretsedwa ndi iconostasis, ndi fano zozizwitsa atavala malipilo latsopano ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali.

Ukapolo banja lachifumu

Zinali kusinthanasinthana kosalekeza kwa anthu a agulupa ya boyars ndi genera ndi akalonga. Ena mwa iwo anali amene anapezeka m'makoma amphamvu si anangofuna zawo.

Anapitiriza m'ndende achibale ndi Peter I. Mu 1689 apa zobisika Mfumukazi Sophia Alekseevna, mlongo wa mfumu ndipo anayambitsa kupanduka akuponyera. Tsoka la anzake anali wotchuka. Iwo anaphedwa kutsogolo kwa Novodevichy Akatolika, ndi mitu awo kuziluka pa battlements mwala mpanda wa agulupa lapansi. Ichinso anagwidwa ukapolo mkazi woyamba wa Petro Ine, Lopuchin Evdokia, malinga ndi nthano wotembereredwa mtima wake wokondedwa wa mzindawo pa Neva.

"Novodevichy Akatolika mu Moscow, kumene kuli anthu ambiri a m'banja lapamwamba, olemera ndi anafuna kuti anthu apamwamba" - umboni wa mabishopu Nikon. Monga masiku akale mu Starodevichy, ndipo apa pakubwera mafumu akazi amasiye, ana ndi alongo boyars lapansi.

Chuma chosaneneka analandira adakhala pa maziko a, adaonjezeredwa mosalekeza ndi zokometsera avirigo m'tsogolo, ndiponso makalata dedicatory mu malo a m'mayiko awo.

Tidakhala kapena malo achitetezo?

Pa lamulo la Vasily III, obisika amayenera kukhala buku kakang'ono a boma la Russia. Court mapulani ndi amisiri ntchito osati pa makoma a chitetezo zambiri kukongola kwawo. Tembenuzani mpanda wa agulupa ku linga anaganiza Boris Godunov, kuyambira pambuyo chitunda mpando wachifumu kusintha kamangidwe ka obisika a. Latsopano olimba mwala makoma ndi nsanja latsopano ndi battlements azungulira obisika. kutalika awo tsopano kuchuluka kwa mamita 13, ndipo kutalika - pafupifupi kilometre. Kunyamula asilikali olondera agulupa anaika strelets asilikali a 350 apakavalo, m'zaka za m'ma XVII agulupa anakhala weniweni watchdog achitetezo pa malire a Moscow.

Zojambula mochita kugoba wa Moscow a Novodevichy Akatolika ndipo amatiuza za nthawi ya mavuto akulu, pamene tsoka ya agulupa linga zinali zomvetsa chisoni. Ataima kwa mzinda, wakhala pansi anawazunza zambiri alendo asilikali kupanduka wa musketeers ndi achifwamba wamba. Ndi 1612 mpanda wa agulupa anali pafupifupi kuwonongedwa ndi anagonjetsa agulupa. Zinali pansi makoma imawonongeka wa Novodevichy Akatolika, nkhondo mbiri ndi asilikali Polish, kenako Prince Pozharsky anatsogolera kumuwombera kuti boma la Russia.

Moyo watsopano wa agulupa kuti: kubwezeretsa ndipo zinthu zinali kundiyendera

Kubwezeredwa kwa Novodevichy obisika anayamba mkubwela kwa ulamuliro wa Romanov choyamba. Mikhail Fedorovich, anamasula obisika msonkho kwa 1650 adapereka obisika kwa kuda a nkhondo anamanganso ndi yolimba makoma. Iye anapanga obisika malo kupemphera mantis personages achifumu. Popeza ndiye Novodevichy Akatolika inali kunja kwa mzinda, pansi makoma ake anali wosweka mahema, kumene iwo anatsala usiku, "kotero kuti muphonye pemphero m'mawa." Chifukwa cha obisika Moscow anawatcha msewu Prechistenka - masiku ano Old Town chizindikiro. Ndi kwa atsogoleri a chipembedzowo kupita pa tchuthi.

Chikondwerero Mwambo pa Novodevichy Muscovites anakhala ndi moyo ndi nthawi. Lero, anthu ambiri amayesa kupeza Novodevichy Akatolika mu Moscow. Momwe kumalo kumene chikondwerero cha holide umachitika?

zikondwerero chikondwerero pakati mbiri

M'kupita kwa nthawi, malo zikondwerero wowerengeka wakhala inasamutsidwa kuchoka mpanda wa agulupa pa abwino ndi Virgin a Field. Mapwando woyamba inachitika yekha pa maholide achipembedzo. Maonekedwe a wotchuka msewu Prechistenka unakambidwanso ndi Novodevichy Akatolika.

msewu umene wokhulupirika anabwera chaka chilichonse malinga Kremlin ansembe ndi, analipo kale. Koma lamulo la mfumu 1658 inali kudziŵika ndi dzina la Namwali Wodalitsidwa, ndilo nkhope ya zozizwitsa aliyense wopulumutsidwa tchuthi.

Pang'onopang'ono, malo umenewu anayamba kukondwerera zochitika zofunika ndi zosafunikira kwenikweni. Mpaka m'ma XVIII m'gawo la m'munda Buthu anakhala chosamanga. Panali ukufalikira minda ndi apothecary minda linathyoka. Dziko nyumba za anthu otchuka mu malo awa anayamba kuoneka kutha kwa zaka za m'ma.

Today Buthu munda malo kwathunthu kumangidwa, ndi m'misewu ikuluikulu pakati mbiri amati kwambiri Pirogovskaya Minor Pirogovskaya ndi Pogodinskaya. Chikondwerero ikuchitikira ku malo osiyanasiyana, mwa kuyenda mtunda wa wina ndi mzake, choncho chiongoko kupeza kudzachita ukhala misewu izi.

Kodi kufika Novodevichy Akatolika

Palibe njira za alendo likulu si kupewa maganizo ake Novodevichy Akatolika. Moscow - ndi poyambira anthu amene akufuna kuyenda ulendo Golden mphete.

Monga malo a obisika chinatenga mpaka 1922. Iye anali wopulumutsidwa ndi boma la Soviet ngati chipilala mapulani mpaka 30s, pamene chigamulo cha Commissariat of nyumba ya agulupa zovuta anapatsidwa State zakale Museum (nthambi). Ngakhale lisanathe nkhondo m'gawo la kunyumba anayamba kutsitsimutsa sukulu achipembedzo. Ndipo kokha mu 1994 moyo kumene kumakhala Amonke mu obisika a anatsitsimuka.

atsogoleri alendo nthawi zonse kupereka uthenga kwa iwo ofuna kukaona Novodevichy Akatolika. Adiresi ndi mayendedwe iwo amati tsatanetsatane wa machenjerero. Kuzolowera anataya kudzakhala kovuta.

Kuyambira lero pakati mbiri ya likulu, ndi zokopa ambiri anasiyanitsidwa ndi mtunda waufupi, ndiye siteshoni okwerera sitima "Sport" Ndi bwino kutenga mphindi 10 kuyenda mumsewu. October 10 chikumbutso.

Dera la obisika zovuta yochepa Novodevichy Malembo Oyera. Luzhnetskaya kuyenda ndi Khamovniki kutsinde. Kuwonjezera pa anayendera zovuta kamangidwe, alendo ndi mafani wa anthu ambiri akudabwa Novodevichy manda. Komanso anafotokoza kuona wapadera wa Moscow. Apa m'manda umunthu ambiri apadera a dziko lathu: akazembe, nthumwi otchuka a sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, komanso ndale.

Heritage wa mbiri Russian ndi wauzimu wa chikhulupiriro ogwirizana pakokha chosaiwalika malo Russia - Novodevichy Akatolika mu Moscow. Address: okwerera sitima "Sports", Novodevichy ndimeyi, 1.