Nthano - ndi chiyani ichi? Origins ndi zitsanzo za nthano zakale ndi zamakono

Nthano - mwambo kuti nthawi kuwonekera anthu chisanadze kulemba. Iwo amatiuza za makolo a moyo, ntchito za ngwazi, ntchito zokhudza milungu ndiponso mizimu. Mfundo kwambiri nthano lachokera ku Greek ndi anachokera ku mawu "Mytos" kutanthauza "nthano."

Kutchula koyamba za nthano

Yosonkhanitsa nthano mu mwambo anapeza kulalatira kulankhula, njira imodzi yeniyeni bungwe nkhani zenizeni ozungulira. Komano, nkhani za chikhalidwe cha pa chiyambi cha chilengedwe ndi munthu ambirimbiri a ntchito zofunika: achipembedzo, maganizo, nzeru zaumunthu, mbiri yakale, asayansi.

Mbali yapadera ya nthano monga njira umasinthasintha kwa buku la nkhani, nkhani yosonyeza zochitika zachilengedwe, zoomorphism.

Zikamera ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana pankhani maziko supersensible pa nthawi yatsoka m'manda choyamba. Ndiyamika m'manda wakale anapeza mitundu yambiri ya pulayimale ya luso.

Chiyambi cha zikhulupiliro

Mu Upper Paleolithic pali mapangidwe azilandira m'derali amalambira motsatira miyambo zovuta: bodza - fano - mwambo. Kukhalabe dongosolo izi mu mbiri ya anthu zikusonyeza amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana. Izo zimanyezimiritsa zaka zambiri rationality ndi zopanda nzeru chikhalidwe pachimake.

Paleolithic zithunzi ndipo nthano, ndi chilengedwe chonse - miyambo. "Nalosa" ndi "signifier" mu nthano ya munthu wosazindikira analipo ku umodzi mtheradi.

Lingaliro la nthano

Pali kutanthauzira zosiyanasiyana za "nthano" wa lingaliro mu sayansi ambiri. Tanthauzo la mawu mu nkhani iyi ndi kukonza ku malo osiyana, zomwe zimachititsa pamaso pa kuchuluka kwa matanthauzo akakufunsani ndiponso zotsutsana. Pakati pawo kutanthauzira kuti apatsidwa mu otanthauzira Buku dzina lakuti nthano wosangalatsa wa nkhani national chiyambi.

Komanso, pali Mabaibulo modernized kufalitsidwa, ponena nthano - ndi luntha m'derali amalambira motsatira miyambo ya dziko, anasonyeza personifications kwenikweni-yeniyeni ndi zamoyo okhalapo, amene amadziŵika ndi zenizeni. mfundo pa kumasulira lingaliro ili zichokera kumvetsetsa nthano zosangalatsa chiwembu cha dziko, kufotokoza ndi kupereka zinayendera zenizeni za zochita.

Kodi mawu nthano? funso limeneli lidzayankhidwa ndi synthesizing maganizo zigawo zikuluzikulu kuchokera mosiyana. Choncho n'zotheka zopanga wathunthu yeniyeni tanthauzo la mfundo imeneyi: zikhulupiliro amaonedwa malemba ndi zithunzi zimene zimasonyeza chinyezimiro m'derali amalambira motsatira miyambo ya zenizeni mu nyengo zosiyana za chitukuko anthu. Aliyense chikhalidwe ali apachiyambi, limene limafotokoza zinthu zambiri kampani inayake.

The kufanizitsa za nthano

maphunziro kumaphatikizapo nthano wamba angatchedwe zosowa zakale, baibulo kapena nkhani ina yakale. Iwo amatiuza za zochitika yogwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha dziko, kapena kuchita zinthu zosonyeza (makamaka Greek ndi wakale milungu ya Aroma ndi ngwazi).

Ofufuza za mbiri yakale nthano anazindikira kuti mu ntchito ambiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ambiri mitu zikuluzikulu ndipo amajambulapo maluwa okongola abwerezedwa. Kuti ndicho chiyambi cha nthano zonse Mzimuyo amanena. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa wosazindikira amakezana ndipo nkhani zokhudza nyama. Oyambirira awa, kokha zilizonse kufotokoza zizindikiro za zomera. Ndipo mu nthano zakale Australia Mwachitsanzo, ambiri chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha nyama anthu. Koma mitundu ina ya dziko, ngakhale momveka, kufalitsa mu m'nthano nkhani ganizo lawo kuti munthu kamodzi nyama. Zitsanzo za nthano zoterozo: wakale Greek nthano za mtsikana, nymph Daphne, wa hyacinths, daffodils ndi ena.

Origin zinthu zakuthambo kaŵirikaŵiri woyeretsedwa mwa nthano. Mu otchedwa dzuwa, lunarnyh ndi nkhani astral dzuwa, mwezi ndi nyenyezi zambiri umaimiridwa ndi anthu amene anakhalapo pa dziko lapansi, ndipo pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, anakwera kumwamba. Chotero nthano ndi - izo anatulukira anthu njira ina mapangidwe chonse. nkhani ina wamba - ndondomeko ya kapangidwe ka Dzuwa mwa munthu aliyense zauzimu. Pankhaniyi, osati thupi wakumwamba spiritualized.

Malo lalikulu kuchotsedwa zikhulupiliro za m'mayiko ambiri wotanganidwa ndi mankhwala, polongosola chilengedwe cha dziko ndi chilengedwe, ndi munthu. Kupanda kutero, amatchedwa cosmogony ndi anthropogonic motero. anthu zachikhalidwe m'mbuyo pang'ono adalemba pa nkhani imeneyi. Makamaka, Aussies yochepa ndinatchula kale dziko lapansili anali osiyana, koma mafunso okhudza maonekedwe ake konse ankachitika.

Ku Polynesia, North America Amwenye, anthu akale East ndi Mediterranean njira cosmogonical ankaona ku maganizo awiri. Mmodzi wa anthuwo anali zochokera lingaliro la chilengedwe (chilengedwe), ndipo winayo - pa lingaliro chitukuko (kusanduka). Malinga ndi chiphunzitso creationist wa dziko analenga Mlengi mulungu, wamatsenga kapena china chamoyo zauzimu. Mu nthano linamanga pa zamoyo zinachita kusintha, dziko pang'onopang'ono akufotokozera mwa moyo achikale. Kungakhale chisokonezeko, mdima, mdimawo, etc.

Mu nthano cosmogonic zambiri unadzipiringiza ndi storylines za ndondomeko ya chiyambi cha milungu ndi anthu. The view ambiri nkhaniyo inali kubadwa kozizwitsa kwa munthu. Patapita zaka zochepa za nthano anaonekera kutchula koyamba za tsogolo la moyo wina pambuyo.

Kodi nthano

Mothandizidwa ndi dongosolo lawo mawu nthano atsimikiza chinthu choopsa, latsopano njira ya nkhani zimasonyeza mmene latsopano anaonekera. Iwo akhoza kukhala kanthu ngwazi, kholo, kapena zochita za Mulungu. Palinso mndandanda wa mabodza, pamene chinthu chatsopano unayamba mu umodzi wa mankhwala, kenako osauka chiwembu cha mkukwaniritsidwa pa maziko a zochitika, amene amatchulidwa yekha mu nkhani zotsatirazi. Ndiko kuti, akutengedwa ngati kupatsidwa zolemba.

Zitsanzo za nthano zamakono

nthano amakono anaonekera mu Russia mu theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri, makamaka ndi lathu lomwelo. Chithunzi chapakati wakhala chidina wokhalapo.

Ndipo si ngozi, ndi njerwa yoyamba maziko a nthano ngati anaika olemba nkhani yopeka. Mwina mmodzi wa ntchito chidwi kwambiri adayambitsira chilengedwe Artura Konan Doyle ( "The Lost World") ndi Obrucheva ( "Pluton"). Ndipo mulole storylines zosiyana, koma onse ndi ntchito wosangalatsa zinalembedwa kalembedwe chomwecho ndipo zochokera lingaliro lomwelo.

M'malo chitukuko mu ngodya chotaika cha dziko pali malo, kumene mwangozi, chowonadi onse ozungulira akufanana Dziko Lapansi kutali kale. kutenthaku, nyama ndi zomera. Kuti kopanda ichi chinali chiyambi cha mndandanda wa mabodza za nyama ndi zomera zasungidwa dziko ake oyambirira kalelo. A chitsanzo chapadera cha mtundu uwu nthano - nthano za chilombo dzina lake Nessie, amakhala Scottish nyanja Loch mwe.

Komanso pali zambiri nkhani za m'nthano za zolengedwa za m'nyanja (zoopsa), amene adawona amalinyero, amayenda ulendo ndi asodzi.

nthano Modern ndi sayansi

Akamanena za vuto lagona pa choona kuti wailesi ya nthano sayansi kovuta. Timadziwa kuti akhoza kunena kuti ndi chigawo chimodzi cha nthano za. Pankhaniyi, amanena mlingo yachiwiri ya kutsitsimuka kuti chimakwirira maganizo, chikhalidwe, za sayansi ndi kukonzedwa zambiri. M'nkhaniyi, nkhani - ndi chongopeka analenga munthu nthano, ozikidwa pa akuganizira nthano, pang'onopang'ono kusintha mchikakamizo cha zinthu maganizo ndi sayansi.

Awiri malangizo a nthano

Maonekedwe a nthano zokhudza maonekedwe, mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha dziko. Umo ndi momwe anthu kupanga mbiri yawo munthu anachokera. Kenako mythmaking kuoneka ntchito anafuna misa (amene analenga osankhika) ndi nthano ndi anthu okha. Choncho, tingathe kulankhula za njira ziwiri za nthano: otsekedwa ndi lotseguka.