Nthawi ya Mavuto mu Russia

Nthawi ya Mavuto mu mbiri Russia ndi sagwirizana zokhudza mfundo yachilendo, chikhalidwe, za malonda ndi wauzimu dera la moyo. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka 16 ndi 17, kuti chinachitikira pamodzi ndi magulu boyarskie mikangano, omwe afunafuna mphamvu. Pafupifupi tsoka imatengedwa kuti ndi Nthawi ya Mavuto mu Russia.

Zimayambitsa mavuto a anali m'mavuto a zachuma a boma, kuwonjezeka kusagwirizana chikhalidwe chifukwa cha nkhondo Livonia (kuchokera 1558 mpaka 1583) ndi oprichnina. Makhalidwe waukulu nthawiyi ndi monga alowererepo onyenga, mphamvu. Ena olemba timakonda kuganizira Nthawi ya Mavuto mu Russia mu nkhondo yoyamba boma.

Nthawiyi kunaganiziridwa ndi zosiyana, monga nyengo ya "shatosti", "ubongo manyazi" anachititsa chifukwa cha mikangano ndi kumenyana wamagazi.

Nthawi ya Mavuto anayamba mavuto dynastic mu Russia. Tsar Ivan Grozny kupha mwana wake Ivan. Iye atayamba kulamulira, wachiwiri - Fedor. Mwana wachitatu wotchedwa Dmitry anafa. Ambiri panthawiyo anali kukhulupirira kuti inawo anamva ankatumikira Boris Godunov, makamaka ankaimba udindo wa mkulu wa dzikolo. Atamwalira wopanda mwana Fyodor Godunov anayamba kulamulira. Motero, boma anataya wolowa nyumba yomaliza ya Rurik.

Godunov ankaona wolamulira wanzeru ndiponso amphamvu, koma kusiya Ankhondo intrigue analephera.

Pambuyo kukolola osauka, chimene chinapangitsa njala. Zotsatira zake zinali woyamba chikhalidwe kuphulika. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kufooka kwa Russia komweko ntchito Rzeczpospolita (Polish-Chilituyaniya mgwirizano). Pa nthawi yomweyo Poland ali Lzhedmitry Ine (Grigoriy Otrepev, Galich njonda amene ankati ndi opulumuka mwana wa Ivana Groznogo).

Atamwalira mwadzidzidzi Godunov ndipo sanali kuzindikira mkulu wa mwana wake Feodor, Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry Ine kumapeto 1604 ndi gulu lankhondo laling'ono analowa Russia. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pafupifupi chaka wonyenga ankalamulira. Onyenga wotchedwa Dmitry Ine, unagonjetsedwa. Mfumu anaikidwa Vasiliy Shuysky.

Near Moscow, yothetsa m'mudzi Tushino mu 1608, watsopano Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II a (magwero ake sakudziwika), anazinga Moscow.

Nthawi ya Mavuto mu Russia mu 1609 amakhala ndi gulu la dziko. Mu Muscovy anali mafumu awiri, awiri Dumas, awiri Makolo Akale (mu Tushino mu Moscow Filaret ndi Hermogenes). Choncho anapanga m'magawo awiri. Ulamuliro wa anazindikira wa Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II, ndipo chachiwiri chinali chenicheni Shumsky.

Mu 1610, mu July, Shuya unagonjetsedwa ndi mokakamiza tonsured monga Wansembe. Mongoyembekezera mphamvu ankadutsa "Bungwe la zisanu ndi ziwiri." Boma uyu walemba ndi Sigismund III (Mfumu ya Poland), pangano pa ntchito yomanga wachifumu Wladyslaw (mwana wa Sigismund III).

1611 amakhala ndi intensification wa amaganiza dziko lawo, kukula kwa kuyitana kubwezeretsa mgwirizano wa boma ndipo mapeto ndewu. Mu chaka chomwecho izo anapanga asilikali choyamba. Komabe, iye anali kumasula Moscow ku mphamvu ya "bungwe la zisanu ndi ziwiri" analephera. ankhondo Choyamba anakomoka. Mu Pskov, ndinali pa nthawi yomweyo analengeza mfumu Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry III.

Ndi kugwa wachiwiri inakhalapo pa njira imene ankhondo a Minin ndi Pozharsky. Chifukwa, ulendo pa Moscow mu 1612 (26 October), likulu anali ukapolo. Mu 1613, a Zemsky Sobor anasankhidwa kukhala kazembe wa sikisitini Mikhail Romanov. Komanso, anabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo ku Russia mabishopu, Filaret (bambo Michael).

Mu 1617 Stolbovsky mtendere chinasainidwira, imene Sweden anapambana gombe la Gulf wa Finland ndi Korela linga. Chaka chotsatira, osayanjanitsika anali anapangana ndi Poland, chifukwa cha zomwe Russia anapereka Chernigov ake, Smolensk, ndi ena mizinda ina.

Ngakhale awiri Kupititsa ndi mavuto katundu ngongole yatha. Komabe, mmene imene inachititsa Nthawi ya Mavuto mu Russia, zinakhudza kwambiri M'zaka khumi zikubwerazi.