Rzeczpospolita

Rzeczpospolita - boma, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi ku Eastern Europe. The zikuchokera mphamvu zatsopano m'gulu la Grand Duchy la Lithuania ndi mayiko awo (zoona Chilituyaniya ndi Ufumuyo) ndi Poland ndi mayiko chomwecho. State analipo awiri zaka zambiri, kufikira aukali Austria-Hungary ndi Russia sanali Akristu nthaka ya Commonwealth. Woyamba gawo la Commonwealth anayambitsa mapeto a dziko lalikulu, amene anali tsamba owala mu nthawi ya mbiri yawo.

Choncho, pophatikizana a m'mayiko awiriwa anali ndinasintha kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za chinayi. Ndiye, kuti kupewa Teutonic Order, Poland ndi Lithuania analenga zosakhalitsa mgwirizano asilikali ndale kubweza mdani. mgwirizano umenewu inali yololedwa losindikizidwa ndi mezhdinastiynym ukwati pakati Jagiello ndi Chilituyaniya polka Jadwiga. The mafumu kulamulira okwatira, motero anagwirizana ndi mphamvu. Koma monga ife tikudziwira, palibe yokhazikika kuposa osakhalitsa, kotero izi mgwirizano asilikali ndale anapitiriza kulibe mwamtendere motsogoleredwa ndi nthumwi woyamba wa mafumu Chilituyaniya, ndiyeno - Polish. Kenako, pa helm kuposa anaima Poland, omwe kwenikweni analanda mphamvu boma.

Chotero rapprochement ndi anathandiza kutseka njira ya moyo ya Zitsulo Lithuanians. Anthu awiri anali kwambiri, ngakhale kuti zimasiyana achikhazikitso, mwachitsanzo mu chikhulupiriro. Komabe, monga zaka mazana, ndi Union wakhala mwachilungamo khola.

sukulu ya Commonwealth chinachitika zaka zana ndi makumi asanu, mu 1569. Gulu ili ankalimbikitsa mbali zonse, makamaka Lithuanians amene ankafuna ufulu wofanana ndi wa olemekezeka Polish. Nawonso Zitsulo kuyambira kale diso pa Chiyukireniya nthaka yachonde, zomwe zinali mu Grand Duchy la Lithuania.

Rzeczpospolita unakhazikitsidwa Lublin Sejm, amene anasonkhanitsa anthu ochokera m'mayiko awiriwa. Zitsulo pa zakudya motsimikizira kulimbikitsa maganizo kusakanikirana zonse m'mayiko Rzeczpospolita Chilituyaniya. Pa mbali ya Lithuanians anamveka maganizo kwa mapeto a Union equilateral. Lublin Sejm anali chodetsedwa ndi kunena angapo mwa mizati. Lithuanians ngakhale kuti achoke zokambirana n'kuthetsa nkhaniyi ndi muzipeza nthawi. Mu umodzi amajomba izi Poland amangosankha m'gulu umembala wake pafupifupi onse Chiyukireniya mayiko. Mwachibadwa, kuti chipani Chilituyaniya sanathe kulekerera antics amenewa ndi Poland, Lithuanians kuposa kamodzi anaumirira mawu ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa, osati unilateral, anasonyeza bwanji Poland. Ngakhale panali kusamvana amenewa anapitiriza, ndipo anapitiriza ndi Livonia nkhondo, amene kungasokoneze Lithuania. The vuto lonse sanalole Lithuanians kuonetsa zinthu zawo, pambuyo ena kusinthasintha nthawi Chilituyaniya mbali anabwerera Lublin ndipo anavomera kutenga osatchuka zinthu ake mu mpukutuwu. Kuyambira tsopano pa mapu a ku Ulaya, latsopano boma - Rzeczpospolita. Kukwaniritsa zonse, zinadziwika kuti chachikulu conciliation ntchito chidachitika mu njira zomwe zinali zotheka kupeza kukondera. Olemekezeka m'mayiko awiriwa kwambiri pamodzi ndi mzake.

Rzeczpospolita asanabwere ake, anakhala nthawi yaitali ku nkhondo. Wosagonjetsedwa Chiyukireniya Cossacks kwakukulukulu anabweretsa mavuto ambiri kuposa amene amapindula mautumiki awo. Pafupifupi onse linakhalapo Rzeczpospolita anamenya nkhondo zonse ndi iwo. Ndipo pambuyo Union of Ukraine ndi Russia anawonjezera mdani wina watsopano. mphamvu Russian, ngakhale akumenyana Zitsulo mokomera Ukraine Komabe, kupeza mumafanana mishoni olowa. Choncho, malo Chiyukireniya lidagawikana ndi Andrusovo mgwirizano. Poland inakhala ndi mphamvu ya gombe lamanja, koma zochitika zofanana Russian Rzeczpospolita ndipo adzagawanika ndipo adzatha linakhalapo.