Olamulira kwambiri Russian kuti mumve

Nkhaniyi iyankha olamulira a Russia, kuti mumve. Tidzayensa kuunikila ntchito kwambiri akalonga, mafumu ndi mafumu. Ena mwa iwo anali akazi. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri zasintha boma Russian.

Tiyeni mwa zikuluzikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko lathu.

statehood

Olamulira kwambiri Russian achita mbali chidwi osati mu njira mkati mwa mapangidwe statehood lapansi. Ambiri a iwo akhala otchuka pa ndale padziko lonse. Chitsanzo linanena bungwe la dziko pa dziko lonse ndi kusintha kwa maudindo olamulira a Duke kwa mfumu.

akalonga Novgorod

Kenako inu Adzaperekedwa ndi ena a olamulira Russia. Pofuna cha kulowezana kwa mpando wachifumu, otchuka ndi vysokorodstva nthawi zonse mu malo oyamba anali Rurik. Amene anali tate wa mtundu uwu? Wotchuka mu ulamuliro wa akalonga Novgorod?

Monga tanenera mu "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" mafuko Asilavo wotchedwa akalonga ake Normandy. Iwo anali Rurik ndi abale ake. Iwo kuzindikiridwa ndi konung Rerik ku Denmark.

Mu ulamuliro wake unali wotchuka ndi kukula kwa chikoka pa mafuko a Novgorod, Ryazan ndi Murom mayiko. Wolowa nyumba, anasiya Igor aang'ono, wosunga zomwezo anakhala Aulosi Oleg.

Last wotchuka kulimbana ndi Khazars, kulanda likulu kuti Kiev ndipo anapambana zoipitsa Byzantium.

Olga

Mkazi woyamba wolamulira mu Russia. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mwamuna wake, Igor, iye amayenera kutenga mphamvu manja awo. Mbiri ananena kuti "mbandakucha pamaso m'bandakucha." Chotero poyerekezera ndi iye anayenera kukhala woyamba wa otchuka pa Chikristu.

Ndi olamulira ambiri mu nyengo ya ku chinayi m'ma khumi kapena chaka la kubadwa kwake, ndi malo a mtundu uliwonse ndi - Sizikudziwika. Pali malingaliro angapo.

Woyamba akuti iye anachokera ku Scandinavia, wachiwiri - kuchokera Pskov. Pali lina kuti Olga - mwana wa Olega Veschego. Amadziwika yekha kuti iye anabadwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chinayi.

Iye anakwatiwa kwa Igor, iye anakhala zaka zingapo Zipatalazo, osati kusamala za gululo. Koma pambuyo pa imfa yake pa chopereka chizolowezi cha msonkho Drevlyane, Olga anali madongosolo ambiri mwachindunji.

Chinthu choyamba wachitazo kubwezera ndi kuwononga kwambiri Drevlyane ndipo anagonjetsa fuko. Kenako anatenga kuwuka kwa chuma cha ku Russia, komanso kuti Chikhristu pa ulendo wopita ku Constantinople.

Mwana wa ake, Svyatoslav, nakhalabe chachikunja, ndipo anayamba kulamulira ngakhale pamene moyo mayi. Khalidwe - kusintha chikhulupiriro - kumuwombera ndi anthu ambiri wolemekezeka wa Kiev anazindikira zoipa.

Koma maganizo amenewa sanakhalitse yaitali. Posakhalitsa zinthu zinasintha.

Vladimir Red Sun

Vladimir Svyatoslavich, umatchedwa Wamkulu. Kodi iye otchuka? Ife atchulidwa m'nkhaniyi ambiri Russian olamulira. Deti la bungwe la adani pakati m'ma kwa mfumu yomaliza, amene anawomberedwa ndi Bolsheviks. Koma Vladimir amakhala atachita chinthu zimene zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko wotsatira wa dziko.

Iye 988 anabatizidwa Lazaro. Chotero kuti zimene zinathandiza kuti rapprochement ndi Byzantium ndi chiyambi cha kulimbana ndi Ulaya ndi maiko.

Mafumu ndi olamulira wa Russia mu mbiri ya dziko anapanga zinthu zambiri zofunika. Iwo anawonjezera ndi ophatikizana gawo kukumanizana mdani, anapondereza kugalukira, koma mkulu wa anthu wakhala dzina "Red Sun". Icho chinali chikondi chake ndi kumvetsa osema yosavuta ndi anthu wamba, komanso kulera mlingo chikhalidwe Russia pa dzina Vladimir anakhalabe kupyola mu mibadwo.

Komanso, iye canonized.

Yaroslav Mudry

Mmodzi mwa akalonga kwambiri pa mbiri ya Mama athu - Yaroslav, mwana Vladimira Velikogo, amene anabatizidwa Lazaro. Ndi wotchuka cofunika kwambiri chinkhoswe mu maphunziro anthu "mdima", komanso ukwati wa ana awo kukhazikitsa amphamvu ndi wochezeka kugona ndi ku Ulaya.

Kodi masiku ano amadziwika za munthu wamkulu uyu?

Mpaka pano, pali mikangano za tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa Jaroslav. Ngati inu kubweretsa pamodzi kafukufuku m'masiku angapo, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti iye anabadwa pakati pa zaka okwana 983 ndi 986.

Iye anayamba ulamuliro wake ndi Rostov, kumene "kuvala tebulo" bambo. zinthu zina mu njira yomweyo, monga anachitira olamulira onse Russian. Kuti mumve, kupita pa inalowa mwa ana a Vladimir, kwa achikulire wamng'ono. Choncho sitepe yotsatira (pambuyo pa imfa ya mkulu wa Novgorod Vysheslav, mkulu m'bale) anali kulanda Yaroslav ku Novgorod.

nthawi awiriwa bwino aunika mokwanira. Chidwi kwambiri ndi zochitika pambuyo kuukira bambo ake, Kalonga wa Kiev. Vladimir anafa, ndipo osati kuletsedwa kupanduka. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, amayamba kulimbana likulu la Kiev.

Svjatopolka anali Zitsulo Cumans ndi Jaroslav ganyu Scandinavia. Chifukwa cha nkhondo mu 1019 Yaroslav anakhala kalonga wa Kiev.

Panthawi imeneyi anapitiriza kulimbana Polovtsy (Sophia Cathedral, ndi njira, anaika mu ulemu za kupambana pa iwo). Ndipo akukhwimitsanso asapita ukwati ndi kumayiko ena. Iye anali ndi ana khumi - ana amuna anomwe na acikazi atatu. Elizabeth, Anastasia ndi Anna tinakwatirana mu Norway, Hungary ndi France, motero. Wa ana awiri okha otsalira kwa mayiko ena. Izyaslav mu Poland, ndi Vsevolod kwa Greece, tinakhala ndi mwana, Vladimir Monomakh.

Osati olamulira onse a Russia ndi Russia akhoza kudzitama kuti iwo ndi "amalume" olamulira ambiri European nthawi yake.

wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy

Kulikov nkhondo, mwina mwambo wotchuka kwambiri mu ulamuliro wa akulu a Russia. Izo zinachitika mu 1380. Ndi nkhondo lili ndi «Ine». Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Muscovy anakhala kwambiri player m'bwalo lonse. Gulu, Grand Duchy la Lithuania, Byzantium ayamba kuwerengera ndi izo.

Kodi zokhudza wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy? Kodi n'chiyani chinamuchititsa mapangidwe mtsogoleri ngati anzeru ndi bwino asilikali? Tiyeni tione zina.

Tsogolo Grand Prince wa Moscow ndi Vladimir anabadwa mu Moscow mu 1350. wakewake anali Metropolitan Alexei, amene kwakukulukulu mukopedwe mapangidwe wotchedwa Dmitry.

Pamodzi ndi kukhwima kalonga ndi kudzipereka kwa komiti ya boma limawola n'kusanduka wa Golden gulu. Atamwalira Berdibek kulimbana mphamvu. Koma Dmitri akadali zikuchoka Simungachite pa ulamuliro wa Khan. Mu Russia amapereka candidacy wake, kuwonjezera Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod akulowa m'malo Vladimir. chimachititsanso Last kupatukana kasamalidwe.

A njira zovuta kalonga linali lotsegula kusamvera gulu Khan. Izi zinachitika pamene Union Chilituyaniya-gulu waganiza kuika protege lake Vladimir. Dmitriy agumanikanambo anyankhondo wake n'kuzungulira wabodzayo ndi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Grand Duke wakhala kuphatikiza la Padziko Moscow. Pamene mbiri ya Russia, atsogoleri a nyengo imeneyi makamaka kuphatikiza dera maukulu anabalalika mu boma limodzi.

Sanamvere gulu Khan anakwiya masika. Mamay amatenga asilikali ndipo amapita ku Russia. M'njiramo iye sizithandiza ndi Ryazan ukulu. Mu dongosolo Khan anali kuukira olowa pa Moscow, ndi nawo Lithuanians, mercenaries Genoese ndi Ryazan. Koma wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy analosera kuti oterowo zochitika, ndipo anakana mayitanidwewo kupereka msonkho kwa chiguluchi, adatuluka ndi asilikali kukakumana mayi. Cholinga chachikulu chinali kukumana nkhondo ndi Khan popanda ogwirizana ake.

nkhondo kunachitika mu malo makilomita lalikulu khumi Kulikovo (lero ndi gawo la dera Tula). Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pafupifupi "chigonjetso Pyrrhic" adagonja. Prince sanapitirize kufunafuna wosweka Khan anatanthauza zomvetsa yaikulu. Komabe, Mamaia Tokhtamysh ankakumana pa njira yopita ku Crimea, ndipo inapha kugonjetsedwa komaliza.

Kukhala zonse kunachitika Khan Tokhtamysh amapita ku Moscow, adzagwira ake, koma wotchedwa Dmitry akuvomera kuteteza m'mayiko Russian wa mbadwa zake chosinthana msonkho. Kenako, anayamba kugwirizananso ndi Grand Duchy la Lithuania kutsutsa gulu Khan.

Choncho, ngati mndandanda wa mayina a olamulira Russian wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy adzakhala pakati lotchuka kwambiri. Iye anali wokhoza osati kupitiriza kuphatikiza dziko pambuyo Ivanom Kalitoy, komanso anachititsa kugonjetsedwa yovuta kwa Golden gulu, anamanga woyera-mwala Moscow ndi kulimbitsidwa zikulumikizana dynastic ndi Eastern Europe.

Ivan Grozny

Monga wolamulira wotsatira, amene tikambirana kenako, Ivan Grozny anakhala chithunzi yodziwika mbiri. Mwalamulo, iye anali womaliza "Grand Duke" woyamba "Mfumu ya onse Russia."

pedigree wake ndi zodabwitsa chabe. Iwo ophatikizidwa mtundu Rurik, Mamaia (anayambitsa Glinskikh) ndi Palaeologus (mzera wa mafumu Byzantine). Kotero musati kudzitama olamulira ambiri Russian. Kuti mumve ntchito za Ivan IV ife kuyang'ana pa.

Yokhala, Grand Duke, anakhala zaka zitatu, koma ufumu anadzozedwa pa khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. kukwera wachifumu ophatikizidwa zofuna za ambiri. Choyamba, iye ankafuna kulamulira. Kachiwiri, Metropolitan Macarius Inayesetsa kulimbikitsa Orthodoxy, umene pang'ono sakuyenda mu nyengo. Chachitatu, Byzantium zofunika angakuthandizeni ndipo amene amakhulupirira kuti kumvera maganizo a mfumu.

Ndipotu, Ivan anadzionetsa wodziimira wamphamvu ndi skilful mfumu ndi kazembe. Pamene mbiri ya Russia, kulimbitsa abwanamkubwa boma kapena matope mu zokhota mkati ndi kuwononga ambiri a kale analenga. Mofanana Grand Duke ophatikizidwa onse a makhalidwe amenewa.

Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito ake maulendo pafupifupi onse oyandikana nawo. Livonia Order ndi Krymskoe Hanstvo, Sweden, Kazan ndi Astrakhan. Ena yokopa zathandiza, ambiri - ayi. The vuto lalikulu anali kutsutsana ndi inati European.

Mu gawo loyamba, zonse zinkayenda bwino: DONGOSOLO anagonja Crimea Khan anagonjetsedwa. Komabe, nthawi oprichnina, amene ayankhidwa pansipa, onse anawoloka kunja. mfumu reorientation mavuto m'banja anapereka breather adani achilendo.

Chifukwa, pambuyo pa zaka khumi yaitali ya nkhondo Russia anasiya m'mayiko onse anagonjetsa kumadzulo, ndipo anapereka gawo la boma la, nadzitematema Choncho mwayi kunyanja. Against chifuniro cha abale mfumu ndi Ermak Stroganoff anagwira m'madera ambiri Siberia kuposa anathandiza boma kwambiri.

Tiyeni tsopano tikambirane za oprichnina lapansi. Zinali kusuntha andale a mfumu, amene anafuna kulenga ufumu mtheradi, kuthetsa boyars onse chosakhutitsidwa. Kwa zaka oprichnina anaphedwa ndi kuzunzidwa banja ambiri otchuka.

Pa mutu wa asilikali anaima Malyuta Skuratov, amadziwika ndi asilikali anayamba mutu galu ndi pomelo womangidwa kwa chishalo kavalo.

vutolo nthawi iyi kuti cholinga cha oprichnina ake anafika, ndipo anadzala "chisokonezo chachikulu ndi mikangano pakati pa anthu." Moti, kuti Ivanu Groznomu anali chaka kuvala Moscow wachifumu Khan kutuluka zinthu. Kwa chaka cha otsiriza ano "Grand Duke" mfumu anamuchotsa asilikali ambiri akuluakulu ndipo anasonyeza kuti anthu amene nazo olamulira poipa.

Mu ulamuliro wa olamulira Russian analibe mantha amenewa mkati kuti anzawo Ivan Grozny. mfundo zimenezi zachititsa kuti kufooketsa mphamvu ya boma ndi yobereka wotsatira m'mayiko onse kumadzulo.

Choncho, ulamuliro wa Ivan anayamba kuvula adzapambana, koma sanathe kulimbana ndi "boyars ufulu kuganiza" ndi akumenya chiwonetsero. Izi ndi zimene wabweretsa dziko la kuchepa mphamvu.

Peter I

Kuyambira ndi Peter Ine, olamulira kwambiri dzina la Russian Mfumu. Iye yekha Ndipotu, anali womaliza amene tinapirira mutu wa mfumu.

Ambiri, wounikira ofufuza poyerekezera ndi zochitika zawo mwapadera. Ena amamuona kuti ndiye wamkulu wa okonzanso, ena anasonyeza zosiyaniratu, ndi mofulumira kudzudzulidwa malamulo a boma mu zaka za ulamuliro wake.

Tiyeni tione zimene zinachititsa ndemanga ngati losanganikirana.

Peter A. anali mwana lakhumi la atate wake, Alexei Mikhailovich. Kuvuta kwa nkhani yake kugona chakuti mayi wake Natalia Naryshkin, mkazi wachiwiri kwa mfumu. Kuti kumene kuli mpando wachifumu wake akhoza kupita monga yomalizira.

Monga mwana, Peter aphunzira osauka, chifukwa cha chisokonezo pakati pa atsogoleri anakweza clerks ake wamba. Komabe, mipata kudziwa ongolankhula mosavuta anapanga apo ndi Komano patatha analemba moyo wake wonse zolakwa.

mayendedwe ake ulamuliro anayamba atapanduka akaponya, zomwe zinachititsa kuti chidwi kupindika mu mbiri ya Russia. Pa kuumirira kwa musketeers, ufumu anali anabzala pa nthawi yomweyo mafumu awiri. Woyamba anali m'bale mkulu wa Ivan ku Sofia Alekseevna, wachiwiri Peter. Today mukuonera amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida pa mpando wachifumu awo wapawiri.

Pambuyo Sophia anatenga udindo wa kapitawo, Natalia Naryshkin ndi mwana wake anatumizidwa ku mudzi la Chiwalitsiro, pamene Petro anathera unyamata wake.

Ndi apa kuti mfumu tsogolo kukhala udindo wa mkulu kwambiri ndi wasayansi. Iye wanyamula masewera a asilikali dziko lenileni ndi kutitengera maalumali zoseketsa.

Pang'onopang'ono, Peter amakhala kuukira Mfumukazi Sofia. Iwo akufuna kuthetsa, koma chifukwa chakuti asilikali anamvera achinyamata kalonga, wolamulira unagonjetsedwa ndi kupita ku amonke.

Woyamba chinthu Peter atachoka mphamvu, anali adani a Azov. Tsopano anatsegula ndime kwa Azov ndi Black Pacific.

Koma kupikisana ndi adani amenewa apanyanja, monga Ottoman, pamene Russia sakanakhoza. Choncho, mfumuyo inatumiza wachinyamata chabwino Europe "maphunziro", ndipo posakhalitsa amapita yekha.

Peter - woyamba Russian yemwe anapita patsogolo patsogolo. Palibe zodabwitsa iwo amanena kuti iye anali "anatsegula zenera kuti Europe" chaka imene anapita Baltic States, Netherlands, Austria, England. Cholinga cha kazembeyo anali kupeza ogwirizana polimbana ndi Ottoman.

Koma kuwonjezera pa utumwi zamtendere wa Petro anali katswiri shipbuilding, ndinapita kukaona foundry, kucheza ndi ntchito ya malamulo ya ku Britain.
The chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi sinali nkhondo ndi Ottoman, ngati mmene zilili panopo, ndi reorientation lathunthu la malamulo a boma Russian. Tsopano zofuna za mfumu anali mu Baltic States.

Kunyumba, mfumu unachitikira nambala ya kusintha, monga ndevu zija boyars "m'njira European." Komanso, anadwala Chaka Chatsopano Pasika pa January 1.

zochitika inakulitsidwa mofulumira ndithu. Chigonjetso mu nkhondo kumpoto ndi Sweden, maulendo kwa Ottoman, Iran, kukula kwa Siberia. The Chifukwa cha zimene anali kusintha kwa Russia kuchokera alipidwa boma akale mu ufumu waukulu.

Peter yekha anatenga udindo wa mfumu yoyamba Russia. The ulamuliro wa mafumu lonse. boma analowa siteji dziko.

Palibe zodabwitsa iwo amanena kuti Peter Ine Wamkulu - wolamulira yabwino ya Russia. Iye kwathunthu waweruzidwa mutu cha maphunziro ake ku moyo.

Catherine II

munthu winanso wofunika kwambiri zimene zinapangitsa kukula winanso wa mphamvu ndi kutchuka kwa dziko pa dziko lonse, anakhala Sofiya Angalt-Zerbst, tinganene kuti Orthodoxy wopalidwa ubwenzi Catherine.

Iye anabadwa mu banja la kalonga German. Mu Russia, komabe anali ndi mwayi. Mfumukazi, kufunafuna mkwatibwi mwana wake anasankha candidacy ake.
mayi ake anachotsedwa Russia monga "kazitape mokomera Prussia," koma sanaleke Catherine kuti akhale mkazi wa Peter III.

Tsogolo Mfumukazi poyamba ndithu zikugwirizanira banja latsopanolo.

The ndondomeko ya olamulira a Russia ayenera kuti anali osiyana ngati si chifukwa cha khalidwe la mwamuna wake ndipo apongozi. Peter yomweyo ubwenzi yekha ku Catherine, motero amathandiza kwambiri maonekedwe a okondedwa ake, komanso ndi chibwenzi chobisa ndi British.

Malingana ngati kukula kutchuka German mtsikana mabwalo wolemekezeka mwa likulu, yonena za mfumu nagwa. N'kufika chigamulo cha Peter atamwalira Elizabeth. Popeza anapambana nambala ya kupambana nkhondo ndi Prussia, iye zinasaina pangano disadvantageous kwambiri. MBABWERERA madera otsiriza anagonjetsa, ndipo angakuthandizeni ake ndi Denmark.

Ndi yochepayi akuthwa Politika Petra anathandiza Catherine kuti kusintha. Ndi thandizo la ang'onoang'ono British ndi French ndi thandizo nkhondo, anakhala latsopano mfumukazi ya Russia.

Akazi olamulira a Russia amakhala ntchito kugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe ndi kulimbitsa miyambo alipo. Osati anachoka njira iyi ndi Catherine. Iye ntchito okondedwa ya usilikali pamwamba kukodzedwa m'gawo lake likuvutika Chatsopano Russia ndi Commonwealth.

Komanso, mfundo yofunika kwambiri anali makalata Mfumukazi ndi nzeru ena French. Zimenezi zinathandiza kwambiri Catherine kupanga chifanizo cha tsogolo la dziko ndi anthu ophunzira kwambiri.

Opanda nthawi ya ulamuliro wake anali okondera. Mfumukazi zinkatenga za ziweto zawo ndi okonda, kupereka minda yawo, midzi, kuthera chuma. khalidwe chinathandiza pofuna kukwaniritsa akuononga dziko.

Komabe, ngati inu kutenga chithunzi cha ulamuliro wa Catherine Wamkulu wonse, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti ankalamulira dziko mu mzere ndi absolutism otsalira. Mofanana mu maiko a ku Ulaya.

Nicholas II

Macitidwe ndi kafukufuku, kutanthauza atsogoleri a Russia kuti dzina la Nicholas II atseka pa chionetsero cha kupambana kwa mafumu. Kumbuyo kwake kale makamaka atsogoleri a proletariat lapansi.

Kodi amakumbukira ana a mfumu yomaliza ya boma Russian?

Nicholas II anali gawo unenviable. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono ndaleredwa mu mzimu wa ulemu ndi utumiki kwa Lathu, anakakamizika kutenga katundu wolemera pamapewa awo. Masiku ano, ofufuza ambiri timakonda kuganiza kuti poyamba sanafune kusaina Ndondomeko, ndi kutenga impso mu manja awo.

Far akuthwa ndi ayi, asilikali ndi a nzeru zapamwamba, aphunzitsi, ndi ankhanza. zamitundu yonse anali olamulira wa Russia. Kuti mumve, iwo amayang'ana ouma ndi maphunziro. Tidzayensa kuyang'ana moyo wa mfumu yomaliza mbali ina.

Kuyambira ali mwana, Nicholas II anali amakonda nkhondo, ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe anali wofatsa, wamtendere ndi wololera. makhalidwe Izi plexus chinathandiza inalowa wa mfumu yanzeru ndi udindo.

M'zaka za ulamuliro, anatha kutsogolera dziko ku nsonga zachuma, pamene Russian Ufumu chinachitika mu mndandanda wa mayiko olemera. Zofewa, nthawi zambiri anakumana ndi chikoka alangizi ake ndi confidants. Komabe, sanaleke nkhondo yake bwino mu Far East, nkhondo ndi Japan ndi kutenga nawo mbali mu First World nkhondo.

Ntchito yomanga njanji, kukonzanso chuma, kutukula ndi udindo ntchito. Izi zikungofanana ndi yaing'ono mndandanda wa anathandiza kuti chitukuko cha dziko. Koma palibe chikanaletsa kukula kusakhutira ambiri. Bureaucracy wovunda mpaka pakati, ndipo anthuwo ankafuna kusintha zinthu.

Zonsezi zinachititsa February, ndipo pambuyo October kuukira boma. Mu 1917 iye antchito ndi banja lake kuika m'ndende panyumba. Kenako, boma wogwirizira kumasulira iwo Tobolsk. Ndipo mu July 1918 pafupi Yekaterinburg lonse lachifumu banja anawomberedwa ndi Bolsheviks.

Pali Mabaibulo imene kapena Ana ena anathawa, koma iwo sichinayambe anatsimikizira.

Nkhaniyi wapereka olamulira Russia kuchokera Rurik kwa Nicholas II, mfumu yomaliza ya Magazi. Ngakhale dzina, iye akadali anali asintha khalidwe lawo ndi canonized.

Choncho, ife mwachidule kwa anthu tsamba yowala m'mbiri ya dziko lathu.