Order Diptera: makhalidwe ambiri, Oyimirira kubalana

Ndipo Titafika pamalo, chipululu, ndi ngodya ina ya dziko lapansi ndi tizilombo wamba dongosolo Diptera. Anthu a m'banja amadziwika kuti dziko kuyambira nthawi ya nyengo Jurassic. Zosasangalatsa ntchentche, kuluma udzudzu panalibe mlendo kwa aliyense.

Order Diptera: makhalidwe ambiri

Diptera amatchedwa nyama nyama zonse zopanda mafupa a gulu la tizilombo, mbali ya chizindikiro ndi kukhalapo kwa awiri umodzi wa mapiko ndi kupezeka wodzala ndi metamorphosis wathunthu. Pa tanthauzo ngati pafupifupi munthu aliyense amaphunzira ataŵerenga "Biology" buku. Diptera - kumakhalanso detachment, amene limapangidwa mabanja oposa zana ndi makumi asanu ndi mitundu zikwi zana limodzi tizilombo. kutchuka Special ali nsabwe, udzudzu, ntchentche, horseflies.

Asayansi simuli a Diptera nyama zimene koma pali milandu kwapadera kumene oimira detachment ndi kupanga gululo. Kawirikawiri imeneyi, chifukwa pamaso pa kukoma wokongola chakudya, malo yabwino gawolo kapena yaimuna kapena kupuma.

Koma gawo lalikulu la tizilombo mapiko awiri amakonda moyo yekha. Aliyense wa iwo umadutsa mkombero ena, amene analandira kupyolera mu kutembenuka mu zonse munthu kuti Diptera. Oimira kumuwombera poyambirira pa siteji ya mazira, pite ku larva, pupa ndipo adamtsata yekha ndiye wamkulu.

Pa siteji lichinistoy thupi payekha monga nyongolotsi popanda miyendo. mlomo yokha pa thupi lawo ndi maphunziro unsegmented pa pamimba. Komanso, iwo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mouthparts. Akuluakulu wamkulu wokhoza kukhala airspace lapansi. Mphutsi pankhaniyi chabe. Iwo omasuka ndi nthaka ndi madzi ndi mu matupi a nyama ndi zomera. Imago a anthu kuti Diptera, kudya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu. Iwo zolusa ndi magazi woyamwa.

Order Diptera: kubalana

Mphutsi ndi owayimilira wamkulu, mamembala a kumuwombera pa asemphana omveka mu anatomical ndi thupi kapangidwe. unakula kuswana nyengo kwa chiwerengero cha tizilombo mapiko awiri akudutsa mosavuta. Nthawi zambiri, amuna wokonzeka kawetedwe, kupanga mtundu wa dzombe phokoso okhoza kunyengerera akazi ambiri.

The gawo lalikulu la Diptera ndi egglayers. Koma mu chikhalidwe pali ntchentche kuti amakonda ovoviviparity. Pankhaniyi, tizilombo amayikira dzira, amene nyumba potsiriza anapanga dipterous mphutsi. Pambuyo kuswa, nthawi yomweyo kuyamba pokonza ntchito zofunika kwambiri monga zakudya.

Komanso, pali ntchentche, angathe kubadwa moyo. Pankhaniyi, pali awiri Mabaibulo a zisachitike. Poyamba instar larva wabadwa, chimene chimafuna wina kuchuluka kwa nthawi chakudya, mu larva chachiwiri wabadwa okonzeka kuti pupation.

Komanso Diptera kubalana angayambe pa sitepe lichinistoy. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa pedogenesis. Bukuli lili pa kusasitsa pafupifupi bulanchi sikisite mphutsi mu paedogenetic thupi. mphutsi mwana kutuluka mwa mipata mu chivundikiro kholo. Kubalana zinthu zabwino, kulola tizilombo mwa dongosolo Diptera, kusiya mbadwo 10 watsopano chaka.

zizindikiro kunja akulu Diptera

Pakuti wamkulu zamitundu Diptera - imago - kufika pakati masentimita awiri ndi zisanu m'litali. Amgwirizano chosokonekera bokosi khalidwe chimene chimasiyanitsa zina dongosolo Diptera. Miyendo anayikidwa pa thupi pa pamimba kuchuluka kwa magulu atatu. Mutu Diptera khalidwe osiyana anamaliza mawonekedwe ndi yaikulu maso pawiri, inali mbali zonse.

The gawo lalikulu oimira awa woyamwa mouthparts. Komanso kuti likukwaniritsa coexistence-nyambititsa ndipo kubaya-wakuyamwa. Ena tizilomboto mouthparts ndi underdeveloped. Front membranous mapiko Ufumuyo kwa mesothorax. Ngakufunika olemera ndi kumbuyo ndi njira yaikulu ya ndege. A peyala ya mapiko lakumbuyo m'kati kusanduka watenga mawonekedwe halteres clavate ndipo inasanduka limba kugwirizanitsa. Miyendo kuchuluka kwa magulu atatu a kusunthira kutali ndi nganga ya tizilombo ndi kulowa kuti Diptera. Miyendo zonse suckers ndi chiombankhanga. Ndi pamaso pawo amalola tizilombo kupita pamodzi ndege choimirira.

kapangidwe mkati

Mu ntchito za thupi madzimadzi oimira kwa dongosolo Diptera amachita hemolymph. Pakati pake penipeni, mankhwala ndi ofanana ndi magazi nyama apamwamba. The kuti Diptera amakhala ndi dongosolo lotseguka magazi. Ali, mamembala onse a hemolymph anakumana ndi ziwalo mkati. Pa kumbuyo mpanda wa pachifuwa M'mimbamo, nthumwi wa Diptera kuti, ali unakhuthala ndi ting'onoting'ono basi dorsal chotengera. Ndipotu, iye ndiye imagwira ntchito mtima. Pakuti kupuma tizilombo thupi udindo trachea. njira mpweya kutengerapo akutsatiridwa mu zonse m'mimba. Pali ndalama yaikulu trachea umakhala kwa msempha. malamulo Diptera tizilombo amadziwikanso yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa ubongo.

Udindo mu chikhalidwe

tizilombo ambiri a dongosolo Diptera, akhoza kuwononga thanzi la munthu kapena nyama. Choyamba, ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti oimira monga udzudzu, ntchentche, udzudzu, horseflies ndi ntchentche khola, amakonda kupirira onse a matenda opatsirana. Pali anthu ambiri amatha mavuto kwa zomera, pamene gawo larval. Mmenemonso, amachita parasitic mu thupi la munthu mu thupi la nyama. Nayenso, kubweretsa ubwino oimira Diptera wa detachment ndi mungu zomera ndi nthaka-akuchita. Palinso mitundu ya tizilombo mapiko awiri, ndiwo shredders kwa minda.

Mazana a mitundu yambirimbiri ya Diptera amaphatikizidwa mu magulu angapo:

• udzudzu ndi kuluma midges;
• tolstonozhki ndi mycetophilidae;
• njenjete ntchentche;
• Kireni-kuuluka;
• lvink;
• xylophagidae;
• horseflies;
• Sharovka;
• Gorbatka;
• hoverflies;
• manyowa ndi houseflies;
• tizilomboto ndipo tahini.

houseflies

Kodi houseflies banja la ntchentche. Iwo ali eni a chamoyo commensal kuti tsopano kovuta kupeza m'chilengedwe. Munthu maso mtundu advantageously tsiku. ntchentche kapangidwe ndi lalikulu faceted mdima wofiira maso. Mulitali ndi amangoona zosakwana millimeters eyiti. Mtundu wa thupi lake ndi imvi ndi khalidwe wakuda mikwingwirima kotenga pa chifuwa. Pamimba pansi ali ndi chikasu mtundu.

Kapangidwe ka ntchentche wamkazi, ndi yosiyana ndi mitundu wamwamuna. Choyamba iwo awonjezera mtunda pakati maso. Chachiwiri, akazi amakhala akuluakulu kukula. Potted ntchentche achilendo nyambititsa-woyamwa mouthparts. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo sangathe prokusyvanie khungu ndi woyamwa magazi. Chakudya kutenga zakumwa yekha. Pankhani ya kudya chakudya chotafuna ali chisanadze ndondomeko kubala kuvunda chake pa malovu.

Ntchentche moyo nthawi zimatengera pa malo kutentha kwa malo ake. M'madera mulingo woyenera ndi kutentha kusinthasintha mu dera madigiri twente-foro Celsius, izo zimatha kukhala masiku makumi awiri. Malinga ndi njira houseflies kubalana oviparous. Pa nthawi, munthu wina akhoza kuyika kwa mazira zana ndi makumi awiri. kutembenuka mkombero amaliza.

udzudzu

Kupanda kutero, amatchedwa udzudzu. Iwo ali gulu Nematocera. Dyetsani kwa kwambiri madzi ndi timadzi tokoma zomera. Ambiri chipangizo m'kamwa amadziwikanso cholinga kubaya khungu ndi akuyamwitsa magazi. Aliyense wa mitundu ya chakudya ndi gwero lofunika kwambiri mphamvu kwa tizilombo lapansi.

Udzudzu woonda thupi kutalika kwa masentimita khumi ndi zinayi. Komanso, iwo yodziwika ndi miyendo yaitali ndi yopapatiza, mapiko pafupifupi mandala. Thupi Mtundu iwo imvi, wachikasu kapena zofiirira. Pali zosiyanasiyana udzudzu paunchy zobiriwira kapena lakuda.

Elongated pamimba lagawidwa zigawo khumi. Kapangidwe achilendo udzudzu ndi chifuwa pang'ono onse kuposa pamimba. Pa nsonga miyendo ali ndi awiri chiombankhanga. Mapiko udzudzu wazikang'a ndi segmented tinyanga. Lembani mouthparts - kuboola-wakuyamwa.

Chinthu chapadera akazi ndi Zikuluzikulu yaitali ndi stitching bristles. Aliyense mtundu tizilombo wapereka trubochkovidnaya mlomo wa mmunsi. Izo kali kuseri mouthparts ake. Komanso pa Bay ichi ndi zibwano angapo, kulola m'masikito ozama benga pa khungu. Pambuyo kuphulika izo plunges mu Zikuluzikulu una kudzera amene imayamwa magazi. Mu chitukuko, udzudzu onse moyo wonse mkombero kwa dzira kuti wamkulu.

horseflies

Mu banja la Diptera malo ofunika wotanganidwa ndi horseflies. Akatswiri amanena kwa suborder korotkousyh. Mu maonekedwe ali ngati ntchentche, zokha zazikulu. Iwo ali minofu thunthu ndi akuthwa ndi olimba stilettos sharps. Tinyanga horseflies protrude patsogolo ndipo wapangidwa ndi zigawo zinayi. maso awo lalikulu ndi zokongola. Kapangidwe ka mouthparts komanso mandibles, nsagwada, chapamwamba mlomo ndipo m'munsi mlomo ndipo podglotochnik ndi masamba wosakaza.

Monga ambiri Diptera, horseflies ndi egglayers. Pa siteji dzira, ali mawonekedwe yaitali ndi imvi, zakuda kapena zofiirira mtundu. Kutembenuza mphutsi, iwo aunikire ndi kukhala fusiform. Chrysalis ntchentche ofanana kwambiri ndi zikwa gulugufe. Sing'anga waukulu kafalitsidwe ndi malo msipu.

akulu wamkazi wa tizilombo ndi zambiri wakudya mwazi wa nyama magazi ofunda. Amuna amakonda kubzala timadzi tokoma. Pa nthawi ina mkazi akhoza kuyika kwa mazira chikwi. Chochuluka horseflies moyo anagwira airspace, zikuwuluka pamwamba osiyanasiyana mtunda ndi zinthu.

gadfly

Ndipotu, tizilomboto - ndi ntchentche chomwecho. Iwo yodziwika ndi kukula sing'anga. mphutsi yawo ndi parasitic moyo mu nyama. Pali milandu pamene amapezeka anthu mu mawonekedwe a myiasis. Tizilomboto ndi kutembenuka kwathunthu, asanakhale ndi imago. tizilombo izi mapiko amathera kwa mkombero zonse kutembenuka mu malo subcutaneous wa nyama pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa akuluakulu ndi kupanda zosowa zakudya. chakuti, monga larva ndi kudziunjikira chofunika kuchuluka kwa zakudya, kumwa amene amapezeka mu gawo wamkulu. Childs, imago amakhala ku masiku atatu makumi awiri. Asanabwere wake, wotaya kwa theka la thupi lawo.

Mating gadfly amapezeka pachaka malo omwewo. Mwamuna akalowetsa fertilizes mkazi, nthawi yomweyo akupita kukafuna nyama oyenera kuikira mazira. Ambiri makamaka m'dera lawo ndi khoma zofewa wa pamimba, groin ndi pamaso pa ntchafu nyama. Pali m'mimba, ndi m'mimba subcutaneous tizilomboto. Pachiopsezo kwambiri ndi mahatchi, mbuzi, nkhosa, abulu awo ndi ziweto.

njenjete ntchentche

Njenjete ntchentche, kapena Diptera agulugufe a suborder Nematocera. Ndipotu, ntchentche zoluma ang'ono ndi kukula kwa millimeters wina ndi anayi. Mu maonekedwe iwo amafanana agulugufe ting'onoting'ono kwambiri ndi zaukhondo. A okwana pafupifupi zikwi zitatu mitundu. ntchentche njenjete zimapezeka mu ngodya zonse za dziko lapansi. zosiyanasiyana yaikulu ndinawona mu maiko CIS. Mphutsi za ntchentche njenjete amakonda kukhala mabwinja zowola za zomera. Ena mwa iwo amakonda malo m'madzi.

Mutu wa ntchentche wamkulu njenjete kukongoletsa tinyanga ndi maso awiri. mapiko ake zazing'ono za awiri millimeters m'litali. Thupi lonse limodzi ndi mapiko ndi zosavuta volosyanistoe ❖ kuyanika. Njenjete ntchentche achilendo zitsulo kapena mtundu siliva. mapiko awo, iwo n'zochepa kwambiri. Njira yaikulu kuyenda ikuyenda mwa gusts.

Total wamkulu chitsanzo cha tizilombo mapiko moyo masabata awiri kapena atatu. Mu ndondomeko ya moyo wawo, izo kawirikawiri si zoyendetsedwa. Pofuna kukopa amuna kwa mating njenjete ntchentche amatha kuonetsetsa wapadera maso chinsinsi. Dziwani kuti chinsinsi akhoza kusankha Kangaude-Bolado. katundu Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kukopa ntchentche wamwamuna njenjete, amene nthawi zambiri ndikuyipha bogged pansi mu ukonde wake.

Pa nthawi njenjete ntchentche akhoza kuika mazira chimodzi chokha zana. Ndipo masiku awiri chabe lililonse dzira hatches ndi larva. Mphutsi za ntchentche njenjete ndi zofunika kwambiri mbali zabwino - amatha kudya ntchofu mapangidwe mkati mwa chitoliro kuchimbudzi. Choncho kutsukidwa iwo. The nyumba imago njenjete ntchentche kugwa kudzera ming'alu pansi zibowo mipope zimbudzi, yatsekera limalephera ndi risers. Nyumba ndi chinyezi mkulu kwa iwo omasuka kwambiri.