Pamwamba ndi mphamvu mkati mwa zitsulo

Zitsulo mankhwala kupanga chimango zikuluzikulu za yokonza zogwiritsidwa nchito ya zofunikira, ndi zopangira kwa zomangamanga ndi kumanga makampani. Mu mbali zomwe agulu lotsogolera ntchito zinthu zoterozo limodzi ndi udindo mkulu. Pa ogwiritsa ndi kulankhulana kapangidwe ndi chikoka mankhwala ndi makina katundu inafunika pa kusanthula yaikulu ya katundu zakuthupi. Kuti timvetse magawo ntchito ya Mfundo yoteroyo ntchito, mphamvu za zitsulo amene amasonyeza makhalidwe a chinthu umodzi kapena kukonza zinthu zosiyana opaleshoni.

Free mphamvu

A kuchuluka kwa njira mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala zitsulo anatsimikiza ndi makhalidwe mphamvu ufulu. Pamaso pa ayoni m'nkhaniyo ndi zinthu ngati kumabweretsa m'gulu lawo m'malo ena. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mogwirizana ndi njira munali ayoni zofanana, zinthu zitsulo kukhudzana kupita kusakaniza. Koma izi zimachitika pa nthawi imene mfulu mphamvu za zitsulo kuposa kanjedza lolingana mu njira. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, akhoza kupanga mbale zabwino m'munda awiri magetsi chifukwa cha ma elekitironi ufulu otsala pafupi pamwamba zitsulo. Kulimbikitsa kuthengo komanso amachita ngati chotchinga ndi ndimeyi a ayoni watsopano - motero amalenga gawo malire, amene kumathandiza kusintha kwa zinthu. zoyenda amenewa akupitiriza mpaka nthawi monga munda wa utangoyamba osati kuchepetsa kusiyana angathe zimatheka. Peak malire anatsimikiza ndi bwino kusiyana kuthekera mu njira ndi zitsulo.

mphamvu pamwamba

Pambuyo kukhudzana a mamolekyulu buku padziko zitsulo amapezeka chitukuko PFAs. Mu ndondomeko kusamukira mamolekyulu zatenga pa microcracks pamwamba ndi mbali yabwino mbewu ya gawo - ndi gawo la kophimba krustalo. Malinga ndi uphungu umene kusintha pamwamba ufulu mphamvu, amene adatchithisira. Mu zolimba, mungathe kusunga njira atsogolere otaya pulasitiki mu dera pamwamba. Choncho, pamwamba mphamvu za zitsulo chifukwa cha mphamvu za anyamata a mamolekyulu lapansi. Apa ndi Dziwani ukulu wa mavuto padziko, amene kumatengera zifukwa zingapo. Kwenikweni, amasonyeza Masamu mamolekyulu ndi, mphamvu zawo ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu mu dongosolo la. Komanso ali ndi phindu ndi malo a mamolekyulu mu wosanjikiza pamwamba.

nkhawa pamwamba

Childs tensioning njira zimachitika mapangidwe sakanikira amene amasiyana ndi mawonekedwe a magawo immiscible. Koma tisaiwale kuti pamodzi ndi maganizo kuonekera ndipo katundu wina wa pamalo chifukwa magawo a zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi machitidwe ena. Kuchotsedwa katundu awa anatsimikiza mtima ambiri magawo njira zamakono zitsulo. Nawonso mphamvu ya chitsulo mu mawu a mavuto padziko, angaone magawo a coalescers droplet mu kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi. Technologists potero kudziwa makhalidwe a refractories ndi kamwazi, komanso mogwirizana awo ndi sing'anga zitsulo. Komanso, pamwamba katundu wa zimakhudza njira termotehnologicheskih mlingo, Pakati kusankha mpweya thobvu zitsulo.

Magawidwe ndi mphamvu katundu wa zitsulo

Zakhala ananena kuti kasinthidwe wa kufalitsa tinthu padziko dongosolo zitsulo akhoza chimatanthauza makhalidwe munthu wa chuma. Makamaka, kuonetseredwa yeniyeni zitsulo ambiri ndi Kuwonekera awo amayamba ndi kufalitsa milingo mphamvu. mphamvu kudzikundikira mu milingo ufulu ndi otanganidwa kumathandiza kupatsa ziwiri milingo mphamvu kwadzidzidzi. Mmodzi wa iwo adzakhala mu valence gulu, ndi ena - m'madera conduction. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kufalitsidwa kwa mphamvu ya ma elekitironi mu zitsulo ndi n'kupuma ndi sizikutanthauza kusintha. Zinthu za valence gulu, mwachitsanzo, akhoza kuyamwa kuwala quanta, kusamuka mu conduction gulu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kuwala odzipereka osati akusonyeza. Pachifukwa ichi, zitsulo ndi dongosolo opaque. Ponena gloss, amachititsa kuti ndondomeko ya umuna kuwala pamene akubwerera adamulowetsa elekitironi umuna pa pamlingo wochepa mphamvu.

The mphamvu mkati

kuthekera Izi aumbike mwa mphamvu ion ndi matenthedwe zoyenda za ma elekitironi conduction. Ayi, mtengo uwu amakhala ndi milandu yake ya nyumba zachitsulo. Makamaka, chifukwa zitsulo, amene ali kukhudzana ndi electrolyte, izo basi anapereka kwa kuthekera kwanu. Popeza kusintha mphamvu mkati kugwirizana ndi njira zambiri chowawa. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, mungathe kudziwa dzimbiri ndi mapindikidwe zochitika. Zikatero, mphamvu mkati mwa zitsulo amatsogolera kukhalako kwa micro- ndi makronarusheny mu dongosolo la. Komanso, tsankho madyaidya ndikuledzera mphamvu pansi pa dzimbiri chomwecho ndipo amapereka imfa ya nusu ena a mphamvu. Zochita ntchito mankhwala zitsulo zinthu zoipa kusintha mu mphamvu mkati angasonyeze mu mawonekedwe a kuwonongeka structural ndi kuchepetsa ductility.

ndi elekitironi mphamvu zitsulo

Pofotokoza particles akaphatikiza, amene olo mu boma olimba ndi ntchito kwadzidzidzi-makina mfundo za mphamvu elekitironi. mfundo apawokha amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kudziwa khalidwe la deta mchitidwe yogawa pa zimatiyika mphamvu. Malinga ndi kwadzidzidzi chiphunzitso, muyeso wa elekitironi mphamvu opangidwa ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana za volts. Akukhulupirira kuti angathe ma elekitironi mu zitsulo ndi malamulo awiri apamwamba kuposa mphamvu imene masamu pa chiphunzitso kayendedwe mpweya firiji. Mphamvu ya ma elekitironi ndi zitsulo, makamaka, liwiro kayendedwe ka zinthu sikudalira kutentha.

ion mphamvu zitsulo

ion mphamvu mawerengedwe zimathandiza kudziwa makhalidwe a zitsulo mu limatsogolera ndondomeko, sublimation, mapindikidwe, etc .. Makamaka, kanjedza amatiuza njira kwamakokedwe mphamvu ndi elasticity. Kuti zimenezi umayamba mfundo ndi latisi galasi limene ayoni ndi mfundo. Kuthekera mphamvu ya ion amakhala masamu kutenga nkhani zotsatira zake zotheka zowononga pa nkhani crystalline kupanga particles gulu. Boma la ayoni imene ingakhudze mphamvu kayendedwe wa ma elekitironi n'kuthamangitsidwa zitsulo pa kugunda kwa. Popeza zikhalidwe za kuchuluka kwa kusiyana angathe kukhala malo a maelekitirodi kuti volts zikwi ukuyenda liwiro particles ali kwambiri kuchuluka, mphamvu anapeza zokwanira pogawanikana pamawere colliding mamolekyulu mu ayoni.

kumanga mphamvu

Zitsulo yodziwika ndi mitundu wosanganiza kulankhulana. The covalent ndi amaayoni Mitsemphayi ndi demarcation lakuthwa, nthawi zambiri zimalowana mzake. Choncho, zitsulo oipa ndondomeko ndi zochita za mapindikidwe pulasitiki ndipo alloying tafotokoza otaya Mitsemphayi zitsulo mu mogwirizana covalent. Kaya mtundu wa kugwirizana deta, iwo anafotokozedwa monga mankhwala zako. Pankhaniyi, aliyense kulankhulana ndi mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, amaayoni, electrostatic ndi covalent ankachita akhoza kupereka angathe 400 KJ. Mfundo kwenikweni zimadalira mphamvu ya chitsulo mu mogwirizana ndi mapangidwe osiyana ndi pansi katundu makina. Zitsulo binder akhoza kuonetsa mphamvu makhalidwe osiyana, koma mawonetseredwe iliyonse iwo sadzakhala ofanana ndi katundu ofanana covalent ndi mapangidwe amaayoni.

The katundu kumangidwa zachitsulo

Khalidwe lina zofunika zomwe mphamvu kumanga ndi machulukitsidwe. Mundawu Mzimuyo boma la mamolekyulu, ndipo makamaka dongosolo lawo ndi zikuchokera. The particles zitsulo kukhalapo mu mawonekedwe apawokha. Choyamba kumvetsa ntchito katundu wa mankhwala zovuta ntchito chiphunzitso valence akapolo, koma M'zaka zaposachedwapa wataya tanthauzo lake. Pofunanso onse, lingaliro ili sifotokoza chiwerengero cha katundu ndi zofunika kwambiri. Ena mwa iwo ndi mayamwidwe makulidwe a mankhwala, makhalidwe maginito ndi makhalidwe ena. Koma chuma monga kuyaka tingaone ndi kuwerengetsa mphamvu pamwamba pa zitsulo. Izo zimatengera mphamvu ya chitsulo pamalo azinyadira popanda detonating activators.

boma zitsulo

Ambiri zitsulo amakhala ndi kasinthidwe wa valence dongosolo amagetsi. Malinga ndi katundu wa dongosolo, ndipo anatsimikiza ndi boma mkati zakuthupi. Pamaziko a magawo awa ndi kutenga asapita chifukwa akhoza kutengapo maganizo za mfundo za limatsogolera kutentha wa zitsulo makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo zofewa, kuphatikizapo golide, mkuwa, yodziwika ndi limatsogolera kutentha otsika. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi unpaired mu ma atomu. Komano, zitsulo zofewa ndi mkulu kutentha madutsidwe, womwe, chifukwa mkulu elekitironi kuyenda. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, chitsulo, wambirimbiri mphamvu mu momwe akadakwanitsira ndi ion madutsidwe, amapereka mkulu magetsi madutsidwe chifukwa ma elekitironi. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri ntchito zimene anatsimikiza ndi boma zachitsulo.

Pomaliza

Chemical katundu zitsulo kwakukulukulu kudziwa makhalidwe awo luso ndi thupi. Zimenezi zimathandiza akatswiri kuganizira ntchito mphamvu cha chuma, mwa mawu a kuthekera ntchito popanga zinthu zina. Komanso, mphamvu zitsulo sangathe nthawi zonse kuonedwa ngati palokha. Ndiko kuti, mphamvu zawo zingasiyane malingana ndi chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana ndi zipangizo zina. zitsulo pamalo kwambiri limaonetseratu kulankhulana ndi zinthu zina chitsanzo cha ndondomeko ya kusamuka, pamene kudzazidwa ndi milingo mphamvu ufulu.