Parliamentary Republic: zitsanzo za mayiko. Parliamentary Republic: mndandanda

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zofunika za boma ano, amene anapanga mbiri yakale. M'nkhaniyi, tiona dongosolo zandale monga mabwalo a aphungu. Zitsanzo za mayiko mungapeze m'nkhani ino.

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Parliamentary Republic (zitsanzo za m'mayiko izi boma angapezeke m'munsimu) - ngati boma lomwe mphamvu zonse ziri wapadera malamulo thupi - yamalamulo. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana umatchedwa mosiyana: Bundestag - mu Germany, boma yamalamulo - mu Austria, ndi Saeima - mu Poland, ndi zina zotero ..

mawonekedwe a boma "Republic aphungu" amakhala makamaka chifukwa chakuti ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndipamene boma, lomwe ndi kwathunthu mlandu kwa izo, ndi umasankha pulezidenti wa dziko (nthawi zambiri). Monga zonse izi zikuchitika ntchito? Pambuyo pa chisankho cha aphungu a chipani Anthu kuwina ambiri kupanga Mgwirizano pa zifukwa zimene boma latsopano aumbike. Pankhaniyi, gulu lililonse afika zingapo "m'chuma" malinga ndi kulemera kwake mu mgwirizano ndi. Ndipo kotero, masentensi angapo, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofotokoza ntchito chilli ndi monga mabwalo a aphungu.

Zitsanzo za mayiko - ndi "choyera" mayiko aphungu - kungachititse zotsatirazi: ndi Germany, Austria, Ireland, India (izi ndi zitsanzo zambiri powerenga). Kuyambira mu 1976, chiwerengero chawo Chinawonjezeka Portugal, ndipo kuyambira 1990 - mtundu African wa Cape Verde.

Sizikusokonezani mfundo monga mafumu aphungu ndi mabwalo a aphungu, ngakhale kuti amafanana kwambiri. Kufanana chachikulu ndicho kuti malo onsewo zochuluka ulamuliro amachita ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Pulezidenti (kapena mfumu) ali yekha ntchito nthumwi mwachitsanzo chabe mtundu wa chizindikiro cha dziko. Koma chachikulu pakati pa mitundu imeneyi ya boma ndi mabwalo a aphungu imene pulezidenti amasankhidwa ndi yamalamulo nthawi iliyonse, ndi mu udindo uwu mafumu ndi cholowa.

Republic: mutsogoleli wadziko, aphungu, wothira

Pakali pano, pali mitundu itatu ya mayiko. Malinga ndi kukula ndi m'mimba mwa mphamvu pulezidenti - pulezidenti - wolemekezeka pulezidenti ndi aphungu Republic. Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za mabwalo a Pulezident nthawi anatchula United States, zitsanzo za Republic chikhalidwe aphungu - Germany, Italy, Czech Republic ndi ena.

Komanso, mtundu lachitatu allocated ndi Republic - otchedwa losanganikirana. Limati zimenezi, awiri nthambi amanenedwa ndi pafupifupi mphamvu yomweyo ndi kulamulira wina ndi mnzake. Chitsanzo chapadera cha m'mayiko amenewa - France, Romania.

Makhalidwe yaikulu ya mabwalo a aphungu

Onse States la Republic aphungu nawo mbali mofanana, zimene ziyenera kutchulidwa:

• mphamvu wamkulu uli kwathunthu kwa mtsogoleri wa boma, izo zikanakhoza kukhala nduna yaikulu kapena Chancellor;
• Pulezidenti amasankhidwa udindo si anthu, ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (kapena bolodi wapadera);
• nduna yaikulu ndi mutsogoleli wadziko, ngakhale asankha ndi nambala ya atsogoleri kupanga Mgwirizano ambiri;
• udindo wonse kuchitapo kanthu boma umabala mutu wake;
• zinthu zonse mutsogoleli wadziko adzakhala chomveka ngati ali yolembedwa ndi nduna yaikulu kapena Minister zogwirizana.

Parliamentary Republic: mndandanda wa maiko

Kuchuluka mu dziko mawonekedwe a boma okwanira. Pakali pano, pali makumi atatu ndi mabwalo aphungu, ndi Dziwani kuti chithunzi umodzi pankhaniyi ayi. Mfundo mayiko ena amakhala ovuta kwambiri kunena kuti mtundu makamaka. Zitsanzo yamalamulo Republic apatsidwa pansipa (iwo anagawira pa mbali ya dziko):

• Europe - Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Italy, Estonia, Ireland, Iceland, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Malta, Lithuania, Latvia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Finland, Slovenia ndi Slovakia;
• Asia - Turkey, Israel, Nepal, Singapore, India, Bangladesh, Iraq;
• Africa - Ethiopia;
• mu America - Dominica;
• Oceania - Vanuatu.

Monga tikuonera, mabwalo aphungu, mndandanda wa womwenso m'mayiko oposa 30, ndi osakhala mu dera European. Chinthu china chimene yomweyo limagwira diso - ambiri m'mayiko amenewa (makamaka ngati tikukamba za Europe) amanena kuti boma olemera bwino ndi mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko demokalase.

Ngati ife kuganizira m'mayiko dziko nduna, ndi mlingo wa demokalase (bungwe Economist Intelligence Unit), tingathe kuona kuti a mayiko 25 amene akhala kupereka udindo wapamwamba wa "demokalase zonse" mayiko 21 - lipabliki aphungu ndi mafumu. Komanso, mayiko ndi atsogoleri kusanja wa IMF mawu a pa munthu GDP a dziko. Choncho tikhoza kunena kuti kwambiri ndi bwino mawonekedwe bolodi (yogwira nthawi) ndi ndendende yamalamulo Republic.

Mndandanda wa mayiko pamwamba, ndipo akhoza umaimiridwa ndi mapu zotsatirazi kuti mabwalo aphungu chilemba lalanje:

"Ubwino" ndi "kuipa" fomu iyi ya boma

Ubwino waukulu wa dongosolo la ndale ndi zotsatirazi:

• dongosolo aphungu amapereka umodzi malamulo ndi zamalamulo;
• ndi njira zonse za boma, monga ulamuliro, landirani thandizo zonse anyumba yamalamulo, amene amaonetsetsa ntchito khola la dziko lonse za boma;
• dongosolo kulamulira amalola kuti athe kutsatira mfundo za chifaniziro dziko m'boma.

Pali Komabe, mayiko aphungu ndi kuipa kuti ndi pang'ono mwa zoyenereza za dongosolo la ndale. Choyamba ndi Kusakhazikika kwa mabungwe Mgwirizano, zomwe nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mavuto andale (zitsanzo zomveka bwino - Ukraine kapena Italy). Komanso, nthawi zambiri boma Mgwirizano kusiya lipindulitsa pa zochita za dziko, kuti kutsatira mzere maganizo a pangano mgwirizano.

sangathe kwina kwakukulu kwa Republic aphungu - ngozi kudzitengera mphamvu boma pamene yamalamulo zoona, kwasanduka alipidwa "mitundu makina" malamulo.

Kenako, ganizirani peculiarities wa dongosolo la ndale wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko la mayiko aphungu: Austria, Germany, India ndi Poland.

The Republic of Austria Federal

The yamalamulo Austria amatchedwa "Zakudya" ndi ziwanga wake amasankhidwa kwa nthawi ya zaka zinayi. The dziko chapakati yamalamulo - Federal milandu Austria - imakhala ya zipinda ziwiri: Natsionalrat (183 ziwanga) ndi Bundesrat (62 akuluakulu). Komanso, Zakudya anu ali mwa aliyense wa naini zigawo boma la Austria.

Mu Austria, kokha 700 maphwando ndi boma, koma pakadali pano mu nthawi mu yamalamulo Austria ankaimira asanu a iwo.

The Republic of Germany Federal

The yamalamulo German komanso kusankhidwa kutumikira kwa zaka zinayi. Amakhala ndi zipinda ziwiri, Bundestag, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu 622, ndi Bundesrat (69 mamembala). Maguluwo wa Bundesrat - ndi oimira onse 16 a m'mayiko dziko. Aliyense wa limati boma ndi ku 3 ziwalo 6 mu yamalamulo dziko (malinga ndi kukula kwa Lapansi).

The yamalamulo German osankhidwa monga Chancellor Federal, amene mitu ya nthambi mabwana, Ndipotu, munthu chachikulu boma. Popeza 2005, ofesi ku Germany amatenga Angela Merkel - ofesi mkazi woyamba Federal Chancellor m'mbiri ya dziko.

The Republic of Poland

Polish yamalamulo Sejm dzina, komanso ndi bicameral. The Polish yamalamulo imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri: izo kwenikweni Zakudya, chomwe ndi ziwanga 460 ndi Senate lopangidwa 100 akuluakulu. Saeima amasankhidwa ndi chifaniziro njila, malinga ndi njira D'Hondt. Pa nthawi yomweyo kutenga mpando aphungu mu Zakudya zitha kukhala amene analandira osachepera 5% ya mavoti mu voti m'dzikolo (kupatulapo okha oyimira zipani za ochepa mitundu).

The Republic of India

India ndi lipabliki aphungu imene mphamvu zonse akuupereka mu yamalamulo ndi boma, lomwe iwo anapanga. Indian yamalamulo zikuphatikizapo Komiti Anthu ndi Mayiko a States - thupi limene likuimira zofuna za limati munthu.

Nyumba ya Anthu (Lok Sabha) ziwanga osankhidwa ndi chilengedwe otchuka voti. Total (pazipita Lamulo la India) chiwerengero cha mamembala a Nyumba ya Malamulo - anthu 552. Moyo wa convocation a Nyumbayi ndi zaka 5. Komabe, Lok Sabha mwina zidzasungunuka ndi mutsogoleli oyambirira, ndi zinthu zina Indian malamulo amapereka kutambasuka kwa Komiti kwa chaka chimodzi. India lotsogoledwa ndi Anthu a Komiti wokamba amene pambuyo chisankho chake kuti udindo uwu ayenera kuti mupewe chipani.

Tip States (Rajya Sabha) aumbike mwa chisankho mozungulira ndi zikuphatikizapo 245 aphungu. Pa zaka ziwiri, zikuchokera kwa Rajya Sabha ndi kusinthidwa ndi kwachitatu.

Pomaliza ...

Tsopano muli ndi lingaliro la zimene lipabliki aphungu. Zitsanzo za mayiko limatiuzanso mu pepala ili woyera: ndi Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland, India, Singapore, Czech Republic ndi maiko ena (okwana - pafupifupi 30 limati). Pomaliza, tinganene kuti andale a boma ali ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zake. Komabe, lero lipabliki aphungu - ndi kwambiri kothandiza ndiponso ogwira boma mu dziko.