Pobowola mbali: ubwino ndi kuipa

Zaka zaposachedwapa, zomangamanga zikubwera kuchokera ku mavuto osatha, chiwerengero cha nyumba, zomangamanga, misewu, ndi zipangizo zina zomangamanga zikuwonjezeka. Motero, njira zamakono zamakono zowonjezera zamakono zikuwonjezeka kwambiri, pakulola kuchepetsa nthawi ndi ndalama zogwira ntchito.

Zambiri zadzidzidzi

Izi zikuphatikizapo kulumikiza kokongoletsa. Zimadziwika kuti zitsime zonse zimayang'ana (muyezo) ndi zofuna. Ndipo kupatuka pazowunikira / zozunzikirapo zofunikira izi ndizochepa: digiri 2 yokha yomwe imakhala yofukula, madigiri oposa 6 ndi kubowola kwakukulu (zitsime za sayesi, mafuta kapena mafuta).

Mwachibadwidwe, kukhalapo kwa kusokonekera uku kungakhale koyenera osati kungozipangira, komanso chifukwa chodziwika bwino. Amagawidwa m'magulu angapo (geological, technical, technology). Ngati mukudziwa zonsezi, mutha kuyendetsa bwino malo mu danga ndi molondola.

Motero, kupotoka kwachinthucho kumatanthauza "kupotoza" kwa njira yabwino, yomwe poyamba idali ndi pakati. Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti kuyendetsa molunjika kumaphatikizapo kuyendetsa mosamalitsa malangizo a kuyendayenda mu ntchito yonse.

Mbali za kubowola mafuta ndi zitsime za gasi

Mavuto ambiri a ntchitoyi amachititsa kuti mafuta ndi mafuta a magetsi apitirire. Kumeneko, kubowola pansi n'kofunika, pogwiritsa ntchito mbiri zamalangizo. Ndifunikanso kukumbukira kuti dzenje liri nthawi zonse (!) Linapangidwira kwambiri, ndipo kutembenuka kumayambira pamunsi, pamtundu wa azimuth.

Kawirikawiri, kubowola sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito pa chitukuko cha malipiro, koma pokhapokha akafufuzidwa. Ndikopa mtengo kwambiri kuti muwone kupezeka kwa "zizindikiro" pakupanga dzenje lokwanira lalitali, kusiyana ndi kuyesa mwamphamvu pang'onopang'ono mwamba.

Kodi kulumikiza mwadongosolo kumachitika motani? Njira yamakonoyi ndi yophweka: choyamba chimbudzi chachikulu, ndiye, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zowonongeka, kutsogolo kolowera kapena kutsogolo kumatsogoleredwa kumalo oyenera, omwe amachititsa kale zowonjezera. Kuti muyime molondola chitsogozo choyendetsedwa, nkofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito "zizindikiro", ndi ma beacons. Nthaŵi zambiri, makamera apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aone momwe polojekiti imagwirira ntchito.

Zolemba zofunika

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nthawi zina zitsime zotere zimakakamizidwa ndi zida za geological. Kotero, nthawizina ndi zotchipa kuti aike dzenje pa malo a zochitika za miyala yambiri ya magmatic kuposa kupyola.

Timazindikiranso kuti kuyendetsa molumikiza kumaphatikizapo maenje osasunthika. Zitsime zonse zomwe zimapezeka mwa njirayi zimagawidwa m'mabowo osakanikirana ndi amodzi. Pachifukwachi, zigawo zingapo zimachokera ku thunthu lalikulu. Njirayi yokugwirira ntchito m'mafakitale a mafuta ndi gasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'milandu yotsatirayi:

• Pa kutsegula mafuta kapena mpweya womwe uli ndi zida, zomwe zimakhala pakati pa zolakwika zofanana.
• Ngati zikutanthauza kuti malo osungira malowa akusintha mozungulira.
• Pa nthawiyi pamene mafuta odzaza mafuta kapena mpweya wambiri akugona pansi pa mchere (chifukwa cha zovuta pobowola).
• Pamene kuli koyenera kudutsa chigawo chakugwa m'migodi.
• Kuwongolera (makamaka, kubisala) ndikofunikira ngati gombeli ligona pansi pa gombe lina kapena m'nyanja, pansi pa nyumba kapena nyumba zomasuka.
• Pamapulatifomu ndi mapulatifomu omwe amapezeka mwachindunji m'nyanja, m'matenda 90 peresenti njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuyendetsa galimoto ndikofunika kwambiri ngati kuli koyenera kuyendetsa bwino mchenga m'munda ndi mpumulo waukulu (mitsinje, mapiri, etc.).

Njira yofanana ndi yofunika kwambiri, ngati pazifukwa zina (kugwa, kusuntha kwa thanthwe la tectonic), mthunzi wa shaft wapita pambali, ndipo chifukwa chake padali kusowa kudutsa malo ovuta. Izi zimachitanso ngati nkofunikira kutengera zitsanzo zazikulu kuchokera ku thunthu lalikulu, popeza mwa njira zina n'zotheka kuchita izi.

Komanso, kuyendetsa galimoto kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene kuli koyenera kuzimitsa motenthedwa chifukwa chazifukwa zina, komanso pazifukwazo pamene gawo la pansi la dzenje likulongedwera chifukwa cha ntchito. Mofananamo, ngalande zamakono zowonjezera zimakula, pamene pakufunika kupanga mabuku.

Chizoloŵezi chimenechi, poyambirira kudziwika kuti ndalamazo sizili za gulu la olemera, koma zimafunika kuti "zithetse" mwamsanga. Kenaka, kubowola "cluster" kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kosiyanasiyana komanso kosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku dzenje lakuya. Ngati panopa tikugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera, ndiye kuti kubwerera kuchokera ku dipatimentiyo kudzakhala kochepa, ndipo chitsime chidzatha msanga.

Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera galimoto, mitsuko yoyamba kupyolera mu malaya a malasha amatha kupyola, popeza kuti izi ziyenera kuti zimasulidwe poyamba. Ngati izi sizitheketsedwa, mwayi wotsalira komanso ngakhale kuphulika kuli pamwamba kale pakakhala chitsime.

Pofuna kuthyola phokosoli, magalimoto otsika (turbodrills, nthawi zina magetsi ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira yobowola ndi yozungulira.

Njira Zenizeni

Njira yayikulu (zonse pano ndi kunja) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa magawo ena. Ndipo izi ndi zomveka, popeza mapiri ndi mapepala osasunthika sali paliponse.

Monga lamulo, njira zamtunduwu (mbiri) zimatengedwa monga chitsanzo, zomwe zimamangidwa pasadakhale, ndipo njira zamagwiritsidwe ntchito za masamu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti njira "yowonjezera" ingagwiritsidwe ntchito (!) Zomwe zapangidwa kale, zonse zomwe zakhala zikudziwika kale. Chotsatira cha njira iyi - kupotuka kwa malowa sikuyesa kulamulira, koma kusinthidwa. Tsoka, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo pali zovuta zowonjezera, zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwakuwonekera kokwera mtengo wa kubowola.

Muzochitika za polojekiti, malo omwe ali ndi digiri yapamwamba yazeng'amba ndizodziwika, popeza popanda deta izi sizingakonzedwe kupanga polojekiti yokonzeka. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi ndi injiniya wokonzekera kulumikiza.

Kusintha ndondomeko ya pulasitala pobowola khola la chitsime

Njira yowonjezereka kwambiri pankhani yothetsera kupindika kwa dzenje panthawi yopyoza. Njirayi ndi yabwino chifukwa simukuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera. Zowonongeka zake ndi zolepheretsa mwamphamvu za ma modesedwe ofulumira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito osokoneza opangira

Kwa mtundu uwu wa ntchito, apuloni zokhota, zitsulo zamakono, mphete, ndi zipangizo zina zosokoneza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zosintha zonse zimasankhidwa payekha, malingana ndi momwe zilili ndi mtundu wa malo.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana

Njira yofunika yoperekera poyendetsa ndikumangirira mumabowo. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kuyamba kwa maenje onse nthawi imodzi, ndipo magawo omalizira alipo pomwe mndandanda wa maofesi opezekawo umachoka.

Njirayi ndiyothandiza kuti izi zitheke kuchepetsa ntchito yowonjezera pa siteti, kuchepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha zofunikira zoyankhulirana, kuphatikizapo misewu yopita kuntchito komwe ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kufunikira kwa madzi ndi njira zoperekera mphamvu zachepetsedwa. Kubowola kumeneku kunayesedwa koyamba ku USSR, makamaka, ku Azerbaijan, pokonza ntchito yoika pachilumba cha Artem.

Zosowa zazikuluzikulu zikuphatikizapo kufunika koteteza kudutsa pakamwa kwa migodi. Kuonjezera apo, tikuyenera kuumiriza maenje omwe akugwiranso ntchito nthawi ya kubowola kachiwiri, monga malamulo a chitetezo cha moto amafunikira. Potsiriza, kusowa kwakukulu kwa maenje a masango ndikumveka kosavuta kukonza ndi kukonzanso, ndipo m'nyanja zimakhala zovuta kuthetsa kupambana.

Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola masango?

Choncho, ndi nthawi ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito? Zifukwa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito zimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

• Kukonzekera kwa technogenic pansi pa nyumba, kuphatikizapo zogona, maofesi ena.
• Zida zamakono - pokhapokha ngati chitukuko chabwino chidzasokoneza kayendedwe ka maenje omwe alipo. Njira yachitsamba pambali iyi si "yopweteka".
• Geological - pamene mchere ulibe magawo osagwirizana, mosiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, kuyendetsa galimoto ndi njira yokhayokha pamene pakufunika kukhazikitsa nthawi yochepa kwambiri popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochuluka pa izi.
• Zosindikiza - zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimakhalapo nthawi zambiri, kuphatikizapo kufunikira kutsegula chiphaso chomwe chili pansi pa nyanja, nyanja, pa malo ovuta kwambiri, komanso poika maenje m'munsi mwa mapulatifomu a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso mopitirira malire.
• Chimake. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, m'madera ambiri a Far North, pakhala pali njira yowonjezereka yokhudzana ndi kusungunuka kwa pirmafrost, chifukwa chake akatswiri akukakamizidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kubowola masango. Njira zina zimadza ndi kugwa kwa nthaka.

Tawonani kuti zotsatira zapamwamba kuchokera ku ntchito ya zitsime za cluster zikuwonetsedwa mu mkhalidwe wambiri, nthawi zambiri madzi osefukira. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti pobowola pansi pamadzi, ndi kofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu omwe akudziwa bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendetsera zinthu, osaloledwa kulowa mu dzenje pamakhala zovuta.

Choncho, malo ogwiritsira ntchito pobowola akuyenera kuphatikizapo kufufuza kwa savvy, ophunzitsidwa bwino.

Zofunikira pa njirayi

Tchire lamoto ndi ofanana ndi mapiramidi kapena cones, momwe kukula kwake, kumatha kumvetsekera, kumadalira kukula kwake ndi "kusokoneza" kwa munda. Potero, chiwerengero cha maenje odulidwa amatsimikiziridwa ndi luso lamakono. Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti kukula kwa chitsamba kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi udindo waukulu, chifukwa dera lakutali likudalira chiwerengerochi.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi kukula kwa maenje mumzinda. Malo amtunduwu amathandiza kwambiri pomaliza ntchitoyi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kulumikiza kwa mapaipi a gasi m'zaka 15-20 zapitazi wakhala njira yaikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Zotsatira zabwino za masango a masango

Kawirikawiri, njirayi imachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wokonzekera mchere kapena kumangidwe kwa mafakitale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zonse zowonongeka zitheke. Chofunika kwambiri, njirayi imathandiza kutetezera chilengedwe, kuchepetsa kukula kwa chilengedwe.

Cholinga chake ndi chakuti pakhomopo, kumakhala kotheka kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, kuwaletsa kuti asalowe pansi, komanso kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa msinkhu. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri, chifukwa chiwonongeko cha madzi a m'nyanja chimapezeka.

Chitsamba chimodzi chili ndi zitsime ziwiri. Monga malamulo, olime m'dziko lathu amachititsa magulu 18-24 zidutswa, koma nthawi zina chiwerengero chawo chiposa 30. Komabe, izi siziri zolembedwa, chifukwa pochita zachilendo pali milandu yomwe imachokera ku mine imodzi mwina 60 " Zotsatira. " Makamaka kampani yolemekezeka ya BP idakwera pang'onopang'ono pachilumba cha 60 × 60 m ... kamodzi maenje 68. Izi zinapangitsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mafuta ochuluka ochokera m'munda umodzi.

Kotero kubowola zitsime zoyendetsa ndi zowonongeka muzochitika zamakono zamakono ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa chuma ndi chuma.

Mtundu wa kubowola zambiri

Pakalipano, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ndalama zambiri zakale, njira yokhayo yodalirika yopeza amchere ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera migodi, kuphatikizapo maola ambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyi, "mphukira" zatsopano zimachotsedwa ku dzenje pamtunda wina. Chifukwa cha ichi, malo abwino omwe ali opindulitsa akuwonjezeka kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa migodi kukuwonjezeka. Kuonjezera apo, ndi kotheka kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kubowola m'mwamba, osabereka.

Pa gawo la dziko lathu, chitsime choyamba cha mtundu umenewu chinakonzedwa mu 1953, ku Bashkortostan. Koma dzenjelo, lomwe linadutsa mwachindunji cha gombe, lingapangidwe kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50. Kunali kudera la Samara. Posakhalitsa zinawululidwa kuti zowonongeka tsiku ndi tsiku za zitsimezo ndizoposa 40% kuposa momwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi njira yeniyeni, yowongoka.

Panthawi imeneyo dziko lathu linayamba kupangika patsogolo. Maphunziro apaderawa adayambitsidwa m'mayunivesite onse.

Ngati njira yamagwiritsidwe ntchito yamtunduwu imakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kutalika kwa dzenje m'kati mwazitsulo kumawonjezeka kwambiri, malo okwera ndi kusungirako mafano akuwonjezeka. Izi sizothandiza kokha kubwezeretsa kubwerera kuchokera ku chitsime, komabe zimathandizanso kukula kwa mankhwala omwe athandizidwa panthawiyi. Mitundu iyi ya maenje imagawidwa mu mitundu yotsatirayi:

• Mtundu wokhazikika, nthambi.
• Zowonjezera nthambi.
• Zithunzi zadongosolo.

Pachifukwa chotsatira, kulumikiza molumikiza (kumalo ozungulira) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kumadera ovuta komanso malo osagwirizana. Njirayi imalola (pa kuchepetsa ndalama) kuti liwonjezere kuchuluka kwa migodi.

Zizindikiro za maenje ambirimbiri

Zomwe sizili zovuta kulingalira, maenje okhudzidwa amakhala ndi mtengo waukulu wa mgodi ndi zotsamba zomwe zimachokera kwa iwo, zomwe zili m'magalimoto osiyanasiyana. Mtundu wokhazikika womwewo ndi mtundu wa mtundu womwe umangotchulidwa. Kusiyana kokha ndiko kuti "mphukira" imachoka ku thunthu lalikulu mu ndege yopanda malire, pambali ya madigiri 90.

Choncho, pamatope owala kwambiri, thunthu lalikulu limathamangidwanso, ndipo zina zowonjezera pambaliyi, ndiko kuti, pozungulira. Zaka zaposachedwapa, zitsime za nthambi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodalirika yokoola, chifukwa ntchito yawo pa mafakitale imathandiza kuthetsa mavuto ambiri omwe amachokera pa chitukuko cha subsurface zothandiza:

• Kuchuluka kwa malo osungirako mafuta ndi malo osagwirizana. Pachifukwa ichi, kuwongolera molunjika ndizovuta kwambiri, popeza mtengo wotsiriza ndi waukulu kwambiri.
• Kuwombera mosamalitsa kumatsogoleredwa kumakupatsani inu kuchepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha zitsime zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwa ntchito kuchepetse, komanso kuchepetsanso zotsatira za chilengedwe.
• Pakapanga mitundu yambiri ya mafuta, yomwe imaponyedwa pansi kwambiri.
• Njira yomweyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene kuli kofunikira kumanga malo osokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi otentha pansi.

Choncho, kukumba zitsime mbali - njira ankagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi gasi makampani ano ndi zomangamanga.