Purotoni mlandu - mtengo m'munsi pulayimale tinthu sayansi

Ngati inu muli bwino kapangidwe ka atomu, inu mwina mukudziwa kuti atomu a mbali iliyonse imakhala mitundu itatu particles pulayimale: mapulotoni, ma elekitironi, neutrons. Mapulotoni pamodzi neutrons kupanga phata la chinthu mankhwala. Popeza kuyang'anira purotoni ndi zabwino, phata nthawi zonse zabwino mlandu. Mlandu magetsi a phata atomiki kulipidwa mtambo ozungulira ena particles pulayimale. The elekitironi zoipa mlandu - ichi ndi maatomu ofiira limakhazikitsa wakusunga purotoni a. Malinga ndi mmene ma elekitironi ambiri anazungulira phata, amafotokozera ikhoza kukhala electrically ndale (ngati ofanana chiwerengero cha mapulotoni ma elekitironi mu maatomu), kapena zabwino kapena zoipa mlandu (vuto la kusowa kapena ma elekitironi muyeso, motero). mchitidwe atomu kubala mlandu wina wotchedwa ion.

Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti chiwerengero cha mapulotoni ofunitsitsa ndi katundu wa zinthu ndi malo awo pa tebulo nthawi izo. D. I. Mendeleeva. Ali neutrons phata alibe mlandu. Chifukwa chakuti misa ya nyutironi ndi pulotoni chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi pafupifupi wofanana ndi mzake, ndi unyinji wa elekitironi ndi negligible poyerekeza ndi iwo (mu nthawi 1836 zosakwana unyinji wa purotoni a), chiwerengero cha neutrons mu phata chake ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri, ndicho Mzimuyo mtendere wa dongosolo ndi mlingo wa kuvunda a nyukiliya mtima. Zili nyutironi ndi anatsimikiza mtima isotope (zosiyanasiyana) wa mchitidwe wa.

Komabe, chifukwa mismatch wa khwimbi wa mlandu particles, mapulotoni, ndipo ma elekitironi akhale woyang'anira osiyana yeniyeni (mtengo uwu anatsimikiza ndi chiŵerengero cha particles chiyambidwe cha mlandu kulemera kwake). Choncho, chiwerengero cha mtengo purotoni ndi 9.578756 (27) X 107 C / kg ndi -1.758820088 (39) 1011 · ndi elekitironi. Chifukwa mkulu woyang'anira mfundo yeniyeni mapulotoni ufulu sangaonekerenso TV madzi: iwo kupereka hydration.

Misa ndi kuyang'anira purotoni - chikuperekedwa enieni, omwe anali kupeza kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma lomaliza. Amene asayansi anachita izo - mmodzi wa aakulu - kutsegula kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri? Mu 1913, Rutherford, zochokera chakuti misa ya odziwika mankhwala zinthu zonse ndi wamkulu kuposa misa ndi atomu wa hydrogen ndi inteja kangapo, anandiuza kuti phata la atomu wa hydrogen m'gulu phata la atomu ya mbali iliyonse. Chinachake kenako Rutherford imachitika kuyesera imene ankaphunzira mogwirizana ndi asafe mtima Alpha particles. Chifukwa zimenezo ku phata la atomu anaulukira tinthu amene Rutherford "purotoni" (kuchokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "protos" - woyamba) ndipo ananena kuti ndi phata la atomu wa hydrogen. kopanda zatsimikiziridwa experimentally mu kubwereza ya chochitika chimenechi sayansi m'chipinda mtambo.

Rutherford amanena chomwecho kuli ndi tinthu mu phata atomiki anapangidwa mu 1920, zomwe ndi wofanana ndi unyinji wa purotoni, koma amanyamula palibe mlandu magetsi. Komabe, sikunali kotheka kuti azindikire tinthu izi Rutherford. Koma mu 1932, mwana wake Chadwick experimentally anatsimikizira kukhalako kwa neutrons mu phata la - particles monga zinanenedweratu Rutherford, pafupifupi wofanana mu purotoni misa. Azindikire neutrons zinali zovuta chifukwa alibe mlandu magetsi ndi moyenera, salowa mogwirizana ndi mtima ena. Kupanda mlandu chafotokozedwa ndi katundu wa neutrons monga kwambiri ozama mphamvu.

Mapulotoni neutrons womangidwa pa phata atomiki ndi mphamvu mphamvu. Tsopano sayansi converge pa lingaliro limene awiriwa particles zofunika nyukiliya ofanana kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Motero, iwo adzakhala kumbuyo chomwecho, ndi magulu nyukiliya kuwatsatira mwamtheradi mofanana. Kusiyana kokha - mlandu zabwino purotoni ndi, nyutironi yomweyo alibe mlandu. Koma ngati mtengo magetsi mu ankachita nyukiliya chiribe tanthauzo lake, likhoza kuonedwa kuti ngati chizindikiro pulotoni. Koma ngati kumana purotoni mlandu magetsi, iye adzautaya payekha.