Qin Mafumu: mfumu yoyamba ya United China

Chinese Qin mafumu anakhalabe mu mphamvu makumi imodzi ndi theka. Komabe, anali iyeyo, koma pamwamba wolamulira onse loyamba la dzina limeneli - Qin Shi Huang, ankapita apite mu mbiri monga unifier maufumu anthuwo Chinese mu umodzi ufumu centralized, maziko a chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma, boma komanso ndale China kwa zaka zambiri.

Maziko a mu Ufumu China wakale

Pa lachisanu zaka mazana lachitatu BC, maufumu akale China amakhala pa nkhondo wina ndi mzake mphamvu. Mu zinthu izi, tsogolo iwo akanapereka yekha mgwirizano wa mabungwe osiyana mu mphamvu umodzi wamphamvu wokhoza kuteteza malire ake adani kunja ndi kugwila akapolo m'madera oyandikana ndi dziko lapansi latsopano. Chifukwa cha ukali kopitirira ndi maukulu Chinese kucheza zathu- yekha mwa mphamvu pansi pa mothandizidwa zamphamvu iwo, kenako chinachitika.

Nthawi imeneyi kwa zaka 255 222. BC analowa mbiri Chinese monga nthawi ya chikumenyana States - "kumenyana (kapena nkhondo) maufumu". Zamphamvu izi anali ukulu wa Qin (masiku ano Shanxi). wolamulira wake, Ying Zheng anakwera mpando wachifumu wa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, koma mofulumira kwambiri adadziwa monga amphamvu ndi wankhanza wolamulira. Isanafike msinkhu wake kulamulidwa ndi boma la Qin Lu Bu-wei, ndi wamalonda otchuka ndi courtier. Koma mwamsanga pamene wolamulira wa Qin anali makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, nthawi yomweyo mphamvu mu manja awo, mopanda chisoni kutaya wa Lu Bu-wei, anayesa kulanda iye.

Chifukwa cha zaka zambiri za kulimbana kwa 221 BC, Ying Zheng anatha muligonjetse onse "chikumenyana States", akutiakuti: a Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan ndi Qi. Kuyima pa mutu wa mphamvu zazikulu, Ying Zheng anatenga dzina latsopano yekha ndi ana ake - ". Mfumuyo" "Huangdi", chomwe chinkatanthauza

Qin Shi Huang - mfumu yoyamba ya China

Qin Ufumu anawonjezera pa m'gawo lalikulu - kuchokera Sichuan ndi Guangdong ku South Manchuria. Popeza anakwera wachifumu pansi pa dzina la Qin Shi Huang, "mfumu yoyamba ya Mafumu Qin," Ying Zheng mu malo oyamba anawononga palokha boma formations Kumvetsela ku izo zikugwera. boma unagawidwa zigawo sate-sikisi, omwe alinso District usilikali. Pa mutu wa m'dera lililonse la Mfumu ya China anapereka mafumu awiri - zosakhudzana ndi usilikali.

Izo zinali zochepa zokha ndi mphamvu ya apamwamba. maudindo wakale lolemera anali anathetsa - tsopano muyezo wa otchuka anali mlingo wa chuma ndi ntchito ndi boma. Akuluakulu wolemera boma zida pansi tsopano pansi pa ulamuliro wa utsogoleli chapakati, uyu anali ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa bungwe lina la anthu ochita chipikisheni powunika momwe ntchito yawo.

Qin Shi Huang anali ndi kusintha zinthu zina, amene anakhala wotchuka Qin Mafumu: iye ogwirizana dongosolo la ndalama, anayambitsa dongosolo logwirizana la thupi, mphamvu ndi kutalika m'dzikoli, zinali malamulo, anakhazikitsa limodzi dziko lonse dongosolo la kulemba.

Komanso, iwo anali mwalamulo amavomereza lamanja la ufulu wochita malonda lapansi, chimene chinapangitsa n'kale lonse ndigwira patsogolo otchuka, pamodzi ndi anawonongera yaikulu ya mfulu kudzanso. A kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu msonkho chinyengo ndi ntchito maudindo, komanso latsopano malamulo kuyeza kwambiri kusamalira udindo gulu, inachititsa kufalikira kwa malonda a akapolo. Latsopano zindikira - wolemera osema, wobwereketsayo chachikulu ndi amalonda - werera kusintha kuti anachititsa Qin mafumu, koma achifumu akale anali osasangalala kwambiri ndi iwo. Confucians, kufotokozera maganizo otsiriza, anayamba poyera kudzudzula boma ndipo kulosera za ufumu mwamsanga imfa. Motero, mkulu wa Qin Shi Huang, ndi Confucians anali pansi chitsutsocho aakulu.

ntchito yomanga ku Qin Ufumu

Mu ulamuliro wa Qin Shi Huang zinachitikadi zikuluzikulu maukonde yomanga maofesi a ulimi misewu, anafalikira m'dziko lonselo. Mu zaka 214-213 BC anayamba kumanga mpanda odzitukumula - Wamkulu Wall la China - kuteteza malire wakumpoto wa ufumu ku wongosamukasamuka.

Komanso, mu theka lachiwiri la ofukula atumwi wotsiriza anapeza manda lolemekezeka la Qin Shi Huang. Mu crypt mayiko anali immured lonse "terracotta Makamu" - anamaliza zikwi zisanu ndi kanjedza moyo kukula kwa asilikali ndi nkhondo akavalo, "asunga" mtendere wosatha ndi Mfumu.

Religion mu Qin Ufumu

chi pamene boma la China anali Qin mafumu, inali nthawi ya ulamuliro wonse wa chipembedzo. m'magulu onse a anthu anakhulupirira mwa dongosolo zauzimu za dziko. Malinga ndi malingaliro kuti chikanachitika Pasanapite nthawi Qin Ufumu, kuli dziko anatsimikiza ndi mogwirizana mfundo ziwiri dziko - yin ndi yang. Kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi izi ndi lingaliro la ndakatulo zisanu dziko. Mfumu ananena Chinthu chauzimu amene adatsika kuchokera kumwamba. Iye akhapidziwa kuti iye ali pansi pa chitetezero cha zinthu zonse, ndipo wakumwamba "ofanana" anachita dzuwa lake.

Qin Shi Huang yekha anali wolemekezeka ndi yachipembedzo kwambiri, yafupika ku fetishism wosazindikira ndi zikhulupiriro. Iye ankakonda zosiyanasiyana matsenga, ufiti, ndinakhala kwambiri nthawi ndi khama kufunafuna "mankhwala a matenda chosafa", ngakhale zipolopolo izi kwa ulendo lalikulu ku zilumba Japanese.

Qin Mafumu: kugwa

Mu 210 BC, pamene ina atapita anayendera ku dziko, mfumu Qin Shi Huang anafa mwadzidzidzi (mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti pa nthawi imene iye anali zaka makumi asanu ndi chimodzi). Anakwera mpandowachifumu ndi mwana wake, Er Shi Huang, amene anayesa kupitiriza mfundo bambo ake. Komabe, iye anatha kukhala mphamvu zaka ziwiri zokha. Kukwiya ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana za anthu kotero monga ulamuliro wa Mfumu Qin mafumu, unakula nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Chizindikiro chiyambi cha kugalukira osauka pansi pa utsogoleri wa Chen Sheng (209-208 BCE). nzika Large, komanso ana a zaka, akale otchuka ndi kupandukira boma, imodzi akulimbana ndi opanduka wamba.

Mu 207 BC Er Shi Huang anaphedwa. A Zhao Gao, olemekezeka chidwi ndi achibale a mfumu, amene anatsogolera ciwembu iye, namuika iye pa mpando wachifumu wa boma la mwana wake - Tszy mfundo. Komabe, mkulu watsopano sanali zoyembekezeka kukhala pa mpando wachifumu. Osapitirira mwezi Zi Ying ndi bambo ake anaphedwa ndi olemekezeka chosakhutitsidwa. Iwo anali amuna lotsiriza amene ali zokhudzana ndi magazi kwa Qin Shi Huang. Choncho, Mafumu Qin ku China anagwa, m'mene zinalili zaka ziwiri.

Tanthauzo la m'mbiri ya Mafumu Qin

Pangani ku China limodzi amphamvu centralized Ufumu unathandiza kwambiri mu zina chitukuko mbiri ya dziko. Kugwirizana ndale za mayiko, ndi zoti ufulu chuma payekha, gulu la anthu pa mfundo za chuma ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo amene amathandiza kukula kwa malonda - zonsezi chinachititsa kuti ubale ndi zachuma mu dziko, anayala maziko a kusintha kwinanso.

Komabe, mitsuko ovuta kwambiri kuti Qin Mafumu anapangidwa kwa centralize boma, chiwonongeko cha anthu apamwamba akale, kuponderezana msonkho, wokwera ndi ntchito, akuwononga alimi ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe, zinachititsa wamphamvu kung'anima la kupanduka kuti inatha ulamuliro wake.