Wotchedwa Dmitry Cantemir, Moldova ndi Russian States ndi sikolala. Wambiri, banja, ana

Munthu uyu modabwitsa wothandizira a Peter Ine ndi States apadera kwambiri kutukula kwambiri chikhalidwe dziko zolembalemba, mbiri, katswiri wa nzeru ndi Orientalist. Membala wa Berlin Academy mu 1714, iye m'mabuku ake, chinali kusintha kwa ankaonetsetsa akale kuganiza kuti njira zamakono zomveka. dzina lake - wotchedwa Dmitry Kantemir.

Childhood ndi Maphunziro a Pulayimale

Malo wandale October 26, 1673 mu Moldova m'mudzi Silishten. Kenako anadutsa ku Romania, koma lero amatchedwa Vaslui. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVII, izo linaikidwa pa okhala Constantine Cantemir - Moldova mkulu ndi tate wa akhanda wotchedwa Dmitry. mayi wake Anna Bantysh amadziwika kuti iye ankhaimilira imodzi boyars akale.

Kuyambira ali wakhanda, mapangidwe umunthu wa wotchedwa Dmitry Konstantinovich ankatsatira kwambiri mphunzitsi wake - ophunzira munthu, mmonke I. Kakavela. Panthawiyo, adadziwika mabuku ambiri ananena ndi alaliki a Chikatolika, komanso mlembi wa buku maganizo, imene sayansi ya kuphunzira m'mibadwo yanu akatswiri ndi azamulungu.

The zaka zingapo ku likulu la Turkey

Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu, Dmitri anali mu Istanbul. Pali ankabwera osati mwa izo zokha, ndipo monga akapolo a boma, unali womvera kwa Turkey, lomwe panthawiyo linali kuti Moldavia. Kukhala ngati udindo unenviable, iye Komabe, sasiya mphatso ya nthawi ndipo akupitiriza patsogolo maphunziro ake. Pochita zimenezi, iwo ankathandiza kwambiri kuti asayansi ambiri za makolo akale Greek-Latin Academy, umene unali pa nthawi, monga Iye ali likulu la madoko laulemerero.

Mu zaka zitatu anakhala pa magombe a Bosphorus, njala kudziwa mnyamata anaphunzira Greek, Turkey, Arabic ndi Latin, komanso njira ya nkhani pa mbiri, nthano ndi zamulungu. worldview wake kusanduka mu zaka mchikakamizo cha ntchito nthanthi ya Anthony ndipo Spandoni, ndi chifukwa cha kuzolowerana ndi nzeru zachilengedwe malingaliro Meletios Arta.

Asilikali kampeni ndi nkhani zandale

Pamene 1691, wotchedwa Dmitry Kantemir wabwerera kwao, iye anali mu pakatikati pa nkhondo, amene anatsogolera Moldavia ndi Poland. Monga mwana wa Mfumu, wotchedwa Dmitry anali mwa asilikali amene anatsogolera zikwi a asilikali. Mu 1692, anadziwika pa Kuzinga linga Soroca analanda Zitsulo. Zinali zinamuchitikira loyamba la ntchito nkhondowo komanso kupanga zisankho, amene ankadalira miyoyo ya anthu ambiri.

Kenako, 1693, napita naye mavuto ambiri kugwirizana ndi vuto ndale mu dziko. chakuti bambo wake anamwalira Cantemir, amene anali mpaka imfa yake wolamulira wa Moldavia, ndipo akamwalira boyars osankhidwa m'malo wotchedwa Dmitry. Koma wina chifuniro Boyar sikunali kokwanira.

Popeza ukulu anali pansi pa protectorate Turkey, chifukwa chisankho anali ovomerezeka mu Istanbul. Iye anapezerapo mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mdani ndale Cantemir - wolamulira wa Wallachia, Constantin Brancoveanu. Iye anali wokhoza zimakhudza Sultan, ndi chifukwa cha candidacy a wotchedwa Dmitry anakanidwa.

Pa ntchito zamtendere

Pambuyo kulephera, zomwe zinamulepheretsa apamwamba boma positi, Cantemir amabwerera Istanbul, koma nthawi iyi si monga akapolo, ndipo pa ntchito zamtendere. Anaikidwa woimira boma cha mbuye Chimoludaviyani pa bwalo la Sultan. nthawi iyi, anakhala pa kugombe la Bosphorus anali yaitali. Ndi zosokoneza zazing'ono anakhala likulu Turkey mpaka 1710.

Nthawiyi mu moyo wa wotchedwa Dmitry Kantemir wakhala lapadera. Iye amayenera kupanga nkhondo, koma nthawi iyi mu la Turkey. Ndipo ngakhale nkhondo ndi Austrians pa Tisza mtsinje, amene adatenga mbali zinathera m'chaka linagonja kwa asilikali a Sultan, komabe Amupatsanso zambiri pamoyo asilikali. Ili mu utumiki zamtendere, Cantemir anayamba bwalo lonse la anzawo.

Mwa anzake watsopano anali oimira sayansi, wotchuka umene unali wotchuka Turkey wasayansi Sadi Effendi, ndipo pambuyo m'mayiko ambiri European. Iye anakhala wochezeka ndi Russian nthumwi Chiwerengero Petrom Andreevichem Tolstoy, ankadziwa chimene zotsatirapo imafika.

A pangano chinsinsi ndi tsar Russian

Mu 1710, pamene kunabuka nkhondo pakati Russia ndi Turkey, Cantemir analandira kwa boma la Turkey ndi ukulu Chimoludaviyani, anali kutenga nawo mbali mu nkhondoyi. Komabe, mwachinsinsi anamuda opondereza a dziko lakwawo ndi ziyembekezo pa bayonets Russian, iye anali kale kukhudzana ndi boma Russian, ntchito bwenzi lake latsopano - Werengani Tolstoy.

Akuluakulu Turkey, kusanjika Cantemir ziyembekezo mkulu, mosakayikira wokhulupirika, anapatsa yokonza asilikali Moldova nkhondo ndi Russia. Mu wotchedwa Dmitry maudindo monga kumanga milatho ndi kuwoloka pa Danube, komanso kupereka yozizira asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda nyumba, anapulumuka zoopsa Nkhondo ya Poltava kwa iwo, wokonzeka zonse kubwezera pa kugonjetsedwa woyambawo. Pamwamba pa utumiki wake, iye anayenera kuchita chinsinsi anaziika wa Goliyati kale ndale Brancoveanu, amene Sultan amaganiziridwa woukira boma.

Ngakhale mu 1711 mu Slutsk, umodzi wa mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri mu Western Ukraine, wotchedwa Dmitry Kantemir Prince mothandizidwa ndi Chiwerengero P. A. Tolstogo anatumizidwa ku St. Petersburg nthumwi yake Stephan Luca, amene anauzidwa kuti Mukunong'onezana ndi Peter ine ndi kunena ndi izo tacit mgwirizano zochita olowa ndi Turkey.

The mgwirizano, amene amayembekezeka kulephera

Popeza kuti mgwirizano nthawi Cantemir pafupi ndi mfumu Russian. Mu 1711 chomwecho, iye wakhala kukhala wochitachita mu drafting a pangano amapereka kusakanikirana zaufulu Moldova akuwayang'anira Russian pa kudziyimira pawokha. Imodzi mwa ndime ziwiri za chikalata mwa mfumu anati Mkhristuyo, wotchedwa Dmitry Cantemir, ndi lamanja la kulanda mphamvu kwa anzake mwachindunji. Pa nthawi yomweyo anakhalabe labwinobwino mwayi onse boyars lapansi.

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri pangano anali kubwerera kwa Moldova m'madera onse anagwidwa ndi Porte, ndi chiyembekezo chakuti za msonkho Turkey. Kukhazikitsa pangano kunali kutha kwa ulamuliro Ottoman. Izi anakumana ndi thandizo mwachangu m'magulu onse a dziko Moldova ndipo anapereka Cantemir otchuka chithandizo.

Prut mgwirizano

Koma ngati mapulani duwa sizinakwaniritsidwe. Kumasula dziko Moldova mu 1711 tridtsativosmitysyachnaya asilikali Russian anayenda pansi pa lamulo la Werengerani Sheremetyev. Mu kupitiriza kumenyana Peter ine mwini analipo mu-Chief mlingo.

Mtopola umenewu, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga Prut pa Dzina la mtsinje kumene kunali nkhondo anamanga ndi asilikali a stadvadtsatitysyachnoy mdani zinalephereka ku Russia. Kupewa kugonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu kuposa la Turkey, Peter Ine anasaina pangano mtendere umene Russia anataya kale anagonjetsa Azov ndi zambiri kugombe la nyanja Azov. Choncho, Moldova anali akadali mu ulamuliro Turkey.

Kusamukira ku Moscow, ndi chifundo mfumu

Kumene, pambuyo pa zonse zimene zachitika pa repatriation wa Moldovans onse amene ankalamulidwa ndi mbendera Russian sikungakhoze kukhala funso. Zikwi boyars anafika ku Moscow, kumene iye anapatsidwa msonkhano Muzikhala bwino kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi kukafika Cantemir. Wotchedwa Dmitry K. anali kupereka mutu wa kuwerengedwa kwa wokhulupirika kwa Russia lamanja kuitana "Grace".

Komanso, anaikidwa kukhala penshioni olimba, mopepuka madera akuluakulu a dziko pano m'chigawo cha Orel. Ili pa malire awo ndi midzi Dimitrovka Kantemirovka anapulumuka. Woyamba wa iwo anatenga udindo wa m'tawuni ya anthu asanu ndi theka anthu zikwi, pamene chachiwiri chinali midzi m'tawuni-mtundu. Pamwamba pa zonse Kantemir monga mbuye wa onse amene anabwera kwa iye osamuka Moldova ufulu kutaya miyoyo yawo pa nzeru zawo.

European kuzindikira zokhudza sayansi

Mu 1713, iye anafa mkazi Dmitriya Kantemira Cassandra Kontakuzin. Atamwalira anapitiriza kukhala ku Moscow, kukhalabe kukhudzana ndi anthu zapamwamba kwambiri za nthawi. Pakati lotchuka kwambiri anali tate wa Latin-Greek Academy Feofan Prokopovich V. N. Tatischev, Prince AM Cherkassky, I. Yu Trubetskoy, wotchuka States B. P. Sheremetev. Monga mlembi komanso mphunzitsi wa ana iye anakuitana wolemba odziwika ndi Wolemba wina I. I. Ilinskogo.

Ndi nthawi ife wabweza European mbiri, ntchito zambiri sayansi kuti analengedwa pa zaka maulendo ake wotchedwa Dmitry Kantemir. Kufotokozera za Moldova ndi Turkey, ntchito pa zilankhulo ndi nzeru anam'bweretsera kutchuka konsekonse. Berlin Academy of Sciences mu 1714, anamutenga pawo ngati membala aulemu. Komabe, asayansi Russian ndawapatsa ntchito mtengo wa mnzake wake.

ukwati Chachiwiri, kusamukira ku mtsinje wa Neva

Mu 1719 moyo wake akubwera pa zochitika zina zapadera - izo amalowa m'banja latsopano. nthawi ino yokha wake wosankhidwa akukhala Duchess AI Trubetskaya. Pa mwambo wa ukwati korona wa mkwati mutu anali atagwira yekha mfumu Peter I. N'zovuta kulingalira ulemu wochuluka kwa nzika ya mfumu Russian. Kumapeto kwa mapwando, wotchedwa Dmitry Kantemir ndi banja lake anasamukira ku St. Petersburg, kumene msonkhano otchuka boma mlangizi wa Peter Ine pa zochitika za East. Pano iye ndi mmodzi wa anthu pafupi ndi mfumuyo.

Pamene 1722 Mfumu anayamba wotchuka wake Persian msonkhano, wotchedwa Dmitry Konstantinovich anali pafupi ndi iye monga mutu wa State Chancellery. Pa chongoganiza, panali nyumba yosindikizira, amene osindikizidwa ndi mu Arabic. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti ndi apereke pempho kwa Mfumu anthu okhala Persia ndi Caucasus.

ntchito Scientific ndi zamoyo wa mfundo

Ngakhale nkhondo Cantemir, monga asayansi ambiri Russian, kukanirira ndi mavuto ofanana sanaleke kafukufuku. M'zaka zimenezi, chifukwa iye analemba lonse mndandanda wa mbiri yakale, m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso nzeru zaumunthu ntchito. Monga katswiriyo indefatigable, iye anachita kuphunzira zipilala wakale wa Dagestan ndi Derbent. malingaliro ake pa mafunso zofunika chilengedwe anakumana nthawi kuti kusanduka kwambiri. M'mbuyomu, ndi adherent a chabe zaumulungu, kenako anakhala rationalist, ndipo nthawi zambiri ngakhale zinthu zakuthupi lachibadwa.

Mwachitsanzo, mu zolemba zake, iye ananena kuti dziko lonse, zooneka ndi zosaoneka, kumabweretsa chitukuko pa maziko a malamulo cholinga, predefined ndi Mlengi. Komabe, mphamvu ya maganizo ndi kuphunzira iwo ndi kulongosola patsogolo dziko m'njira yoyenera anthu. Zina mwa ntchito mbiri Cantemir kutsogolera malo wa mbiri M'madoko ndi Moldova kwawo.

Mapeto a moyo zokongola

Wotchedwa Dmitry Cantemir, amene yonena ndi umakhudza ndi lothandiza ya kusintha kwa Petrine ndi kusintha, zapita September 1, 1723. Nthawi yomalizira ya moyo wake iye anakhala mfumu wam'patsa chuma Dimitrovka. Mapulusa a wokhulupirika wokondedwa Peter Ine anaikidwa m'manda mu Moscow, mu mpanda wa agulupa ya The Greek, ndi mmasate wa XX m'ma kuwapititsa ku Romania, mu Iasi.

Mwana wamkazi wa Wolamulira Moldova

Mu imodzi mwa nthawi wotsatira, mu ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi Elizabeth, iye atatchuka Cantemir mwana wamkazi ku ukwati wake wachiwiri Katerina Golitsyn, amene anabadwa mu 1720. Dzina kuti iye ali pamene mu 1751 anakwatiwa mkulu Izmailovo Regiment wotchedwa Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn. Atakwatirana, iye anapangidwa akukondera mfumukazi wake mu Dona weniweni.

Ndi olosera ndithu ndipo ambiri oyendayenda, Katerina Golitsyn zaka zambiri mu Paris, kumene apambananso modabwitsa anthu mkulu ndi pa bwalo. okonzera ake anali mmodzi wa ambiri yapamwamba ku likulu French. Pamene mwamuna anaikidwa Russian kazembe ku Paris, izo zakhala nyenyezi weniweni.

moyo wake anafupikitsa mu 1761 chifukwa matenda. Wotchedwa Dmitry Mikhailovich adakwiya kwambiri ndi imfa ya mkazi wake wokondedwa. Chifukwa ndinapulumuka lake pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu, iye anapatsa masiku ake kuchepekela kwa timanga chipatala pokumbukira mkazi wake kwa osauka. kukhumba anapatsidwa, ndi Golitsyn Hospital, omwe anakhala woyamba wa XX atumwi mu Choyamba City Hospital, wakhala chipilala kuti mkazi amakonda.

Palace pa Neva embankment

Za Dimitrie Cantemir anati ana nyumba otchuka, zokongoletsa Palace Embankment ku St. Petersburg. Izi nyumba zakale Dmitriya Kantemira. Anamangapo mu makumi a m'zaka za zana XVIII, ndi nyumba yoyamba anamanga kumpoto likulu kwambiri Italy wamanga BF Rastrelli. zithunzi wake mukuonera pamwambapa. Komabe, Chimoludaviyani Prince yekha sanathe kukhala momwemo. Iye anafa pamene nyumba yachifumu anali kufukizabe ndi kumalizitsa ntchito, koma dzina lake mpaka kalekale zogwirizana ndi wake umenewu zomangamanga.