Mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi makhalidwe ambiri Sudebnik 1550

Chilamulo cha Ivan IV m'khutu linapangidwa mu 1550. Bukuli lili ndi chikalata yapita mwendo olembedwa zaka zitatu m'mbuyomo Ivan III. A latsopano la malamulo anali woyamba boma malamulo zinthu mbiri ya Russia akale amene wakhala anazindikira monga gwero yekha wa umayenda zikuchitika. makhalidwe General Sudebnik 1550, womwenso kufotokoza mwachidule kamba waukulu ali m'nkhani ino.

Prerequisites polenga chikalata latsopano

Mu zaka XV-XVI, ndondomeko mapangidwe ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian inatha, ndipo panali limodzi boma centralized. Tsopano, mphamvu zonse wakhala anaikira mu Moscow ndipo unali mu dzanja la Grand Duke. Kuchokera kumeneko anatha m'mayiko awo onse.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, panali kusintha kwakukulu kumtunda ulamuliro monga m'nyengo feudalism. kusintha anatsogolera chakuti malamulo anatengera poyamba sanathe kumvetsa zonse unagona atsopano anaonekera mu dera umoyo ndi zachuma. Pankafunika kulenga kwambiri kusinthidwa ndi changwiro gwero ubale malamulo, amene akanawathandiza posankha zochita pa nkhani inayake. Choncho, chofunika zikamera wa magazini atsopano anayamba kusintha Sudebnik ikuchitika Ivanom Groznym, ndi irrelevance wa akonzedwa wakale malamulo. Komanso, pali kufunika kulongosolerana zina nkhani yake.

Cholinga kulenga chikalata latsopanoli, lomwe Chilamulo 1550, mwachidule zimene zidzafotokozedwa pansipa, kutseka mipata angapo chakale malamulo. Wakhala akwaniritsa ndi supplementing izo ano ndi mfundo zotchulidwa malamulo.

Kukonza pomwe Sudebnik

The zaka malamulo Ivana Groznogo chinachitikira ndi nthawi imene iye anali usilikali Chilamulo 1550. Mbiri ya chikalata ichi chiri motere: mchikakamizo cha wansembe Sylvester, komanso mothandizidwa ndi kazembe anasonkhana bwalo makamaka a alangizi, mfumu inayamba kugwira kusintha. Chiyambi cha awo kukhazikitsa amagwirizana ndi tchalitchi wapadera unachitikira ku Moscow mu zaka 1550-1551. Kuti wakhala lolembedwa ndi Chilamulo yoyamba 1497. Za 100 alipo mu Nkhani chikalata latsopano 37 anaonekera yekha ndi kubera Ivana Groznogo. Lemba zoyambirira za Code akale kakusintha younikanso yokulirapo.

chidule

Mu zaka za m'ma XVI mu Russia Nkhani za lamulo latsopano lolamulira asapita pakati pa anthu, osati kwa wina ndi mzake komanso ndi boma. Iwo analowa Chilamulo 1550. Chidule ndi kufotokoza nkhani amafotokoza amasonyeza alikukonzeka njira chilengedwe chake, poyerekeza ndi kale Coll. Ivana Groznogo Chilamulo zikuphatikizapo malamulo a boma, mu rem, udindo, cholowa, malamulo a boma, komanso investigative ndi njira milandu.

chikhazikitso

Ivan Grozny ndi abale ake ndi boyars pafupifupi anatenga Chilamulo 1550. The chakudya yaikulu ya chikalata likutsimikizira mwambo yoyamba yomwe bwalo, kuwonjezera kwa abwanamkubwa akusankhidwa ndi mfumu, anapezeka ndi ameya ndi otchedwa tselovalniks, T. E. The loweruza, kumpsompsona mtanda. Iwo anali nduna ndipo sadzatha ophunzira mu Kuthi milandu. Kuwonjezera abwanamkubwa, ndondomeko anali kukhala clerks ndi dziko. Paper ankaona chomveka kokha pamene yolembedwa ndi mkulu waboma ndi barmen. Abwanamkubwa ndi ogwira awo - Tiunov sakanakhoza kuletsa munthu wopanda kufotokoza chifukwa m'ndende awo.

Komanso Sudebnik mwapadera linaperekedwa kwa boma ndi pakati. Transformation anakhudzidwa kasamalidwe makamaka vicegeral, koma lofotokozabe dongosolo lakale la nkhumba.

makhalidwe General Sudebnik 1550 zikuphatikizapo gawo chikhalidwe cha malamulo atsopano. Limachita nkhani ziwiri zikuluzikulu - anthu yozungulira, ndilo serfs ndi amphawi, ndi dziko. Nkhani latsopano cholinga chake chinali kusintha ndondomeko chilungamo ndi kupereka mphamvu kuti azilamulira nthumwi zake am'deralo.

M'zaka za m'ma XVI panali nkhanza ambiri mphamvu mwa anthu asankha ndi Mfumu, komanso oweruza. Zinthu sakanakhoza zimaonekera Sudebnik mfumu. Tsamba ili lili m'nkhani, umene umati oweruza sitingakhoze kutenga malonjezo, kubwezera, ndipo pangani ubwenzi ndi mzake. Pankhaniyi, boma sanali ambiri ndi wosamvetsetseka, amaganiza kuti chilango kusamvera yeniyeni: Kutolere chabwino, kumangidwa kapena quilting chikwapu.

General makhalidwe Sudebnik 1550 chingakhale chosakwanira ngati satchula udindo wina wofunika kwambiri. Woweruzayo analibe ufulu amanena complainants ndi wekha pamaso sangazindikire akamanena za madandaulo awo. Ngati msilikali sanachite ntchito yawo bwino ndi mfundo za nkhanza kufika mfumu, mtumiki wa chilamulo silikadakhala kuikidwa kumbuyo mipiringidzo.

mfundo Civil

Iwo anali koyenera kuti kasamalidwe ndi zina chitukuko ubale kunadetsa chikhalidwe ndi chuma. omumvera ake angakhale magulu onse, wopangidwa mwa anthu awiri kapena kuposa, ndipo anthu. mbali zonse mu munda malamulo Chilamulo 1550. Chilamulo katundu zikhoza kugulidwa mwa pangano mumpanda mphoto, kupeza kapena mankhwala.

Ambiri pa njira iyi nthawi kupeza katundu ufulu ndi mgwirizano. Wa ziri kwa zaka za m'ma XVI kokha mu mawonekedwe m'kamwa. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma pangano kale mu mawonekedwe a ndikupeleka olembedwa, wotchedwa ukapolo. chikalata ichi ayenera anasaina panokha unkayenera phwando. Ngati iwo anali osaphunzira, pepala walemba kapena achibale awo kapena makolo wauzimu.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, kunali dziko kapena mtundu notarial wa wotuluka imene mapangano zokhudza kulandidwa, analowa mphamvu pokhapokha iwo kulembetsa.

chilamulo cha kulowezana

The malangizo chachikulu cha chitukuko mu zaka XIV-XVI zinali osati yowonjezera bwalo oloŵa, komanso kupeza ufulu chuma chawo. Ndipo zimenezi kwathandiza kwambiri kuti Code latsopano la Chilamulo 1550. Mwachidule malo zofunika za chilamulo cholowa akhoza anakonza motere: kodi n'zotheka kuchita chifuniro membala aliyense wa banja. Chigawo ali kulemba, kenako ananena pamaso pa kalaliki ndi posluhov.

Circle oloŵa pa lamulo, ndiye inkakhala ana ndi kupulumuka akazi. Koma nthawi zina, ndi achibale ena anali mmenemo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kudali cholowa zigawo. mbali pa chuma umakhoza okhawo ana, amene anakhalapo nthawi mutu wa banja anamwalira kunyumba kwake. Abale kulandirapo mu magawo ofanana. Ngati banja sanali ana okha, koma aakazi, yotsirizira analibe ufulu kwa malowo.

tsiku St. George

Previous malamulo zokhudza kusintha osauka ku mudzi wina ndi mzake, komanso wakale kwa mwininyumba latsopano, anadza Chilamulo 1550. Alimi anatilola kuti tichite zimenezi kokha mu nthawi mosamalitsa kumatanthauza nthawi - mu kugwa sabata pamaso Tsiku St. George komanso nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pake. Izi anawapatsa ufulu wosankha ndi mwininyumba wabwino, ndipo tisaiwale, ambiri ntchito, kusuntha kuchoka makamu zoipa.

N'chifukwa chiyani kayendedwe koteroko sikunachitike m'dzinja? Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti pamene zokolola kale anamaliza kusintha kwa m'mphawi akale mbuye kwa atsopano anayamba sabweretsa chisoni kwambiri zonsezi. Mmene ubale dziko amgwirizano malire analamula zimenezi. Mwachitsanzo, mwininyumba analibe ufulu wopirikitsa mlimi ndi dziko lendi kukolola ndi anthu wamba, nayenso sanathe kuthawa nkhondo, musati kuthetsa naye pambuyo zokolola udzatha. Choncho, tsiku lomalizira bwino lakhazikitsidwa mwa lamulo, imene mbali ziwiri anali kuthetsa ndi mzake.

malamulo a boma

Ndi chikalata latsopano anatengera Ivanom Groznym, malamulo ena akhala akukonza ndi kusintha kwambiri. Zinali nazonso, ndi Chilamulo Wachifwamba. Code la Chilamulo 1550, mosiyana ndi wina m'mbuyomu, anatchulidwa chokhumudwitsa osati monga kulakwira, mwachitsanzo. E. Kutsatira kuwonongeka makhalidwe kapena zinthu gulu la anthu kapena munthu, ndipo anayamba kuchitira iye ndi zochita n'kosaloleka chakuchimwira boma. Choncho, kukhumudwa chigawenga kuti sanali kugwilizana ndi malamulo, anakhazikitsa mfundo komanso kulephera kutsatira chifuniro cha mwayekha lapansi.

gulu la zochimwa

Latsopano Sudebnik loyamba anayamba ntchito systematization cha zokhumudwitsa. Pa mlingo chapamwamba panali milandu chakuchimwira boma. Makamaka zikuphatikizapo woukira - mwala wa m'dziko lawo kapena kalonga, kuluka chiwembu, kuitana chifukwa cha mpanduko kapena kuukira.

mphako A pansipa anali malfeasance ndi milandu achitiridwe kukhazikika ndi bwalo yokha. Izo zikhoza kukhala chiphuphu counterfeiting mawu abodza, kuba ndalama za boma, ndi zina zotero. N.

Ndiyeno panali zochita chigawenga chakuchimwira munthu. Izi zinaphatikizapo kumenya ndi kupha kapena mawu. Yotsirizira anali milandu katundu: ndi kuba kapolo, wakuba ndi kuba.

Njira kulipira chokhumudwitsa

Code la Chilamulo 1550 kobvuta kwambiri dongosolo la chilango chokhumudwitsa cha kulakwa, komanso anayambitsa watsopano - kudzipatula ndi mwamantha zigawenga. Chilango choopsa anali, ndithudi, chilango cha imfa. Likhoza yosintha mfumu. Kwambiri Chilango chaukali anali otchedwa malonda Kuphedwa pamene lalikulu msika wolakwa namkwapula. Ntchito ndi ena ogwirika chilango ndi chlenovreditelskie.

Panalinso ziletso zina monga ndalama kapena zilango zina ndalama. Iwo mwachindunji amadalira chuma chawo cha wovulalayo kwakukulu ndi vutolo.

Choncho mwachidule zikuwoneka makhalidwe ambiri Sudebnik 1550. Mu chikalata XVI m'ma mwatsatanetsatane zoyamba za kasamalidwe ndi centralized boma Russian. Tikumbukenso kuti malamulo Ivana Groznogo si chipilala mbiri, komanso maziko limene malamulo ano.