Roketi Launch mu mlengalenga. Top chida imalankhula. Yambani intercontinental ballistic chida

Kuyambira kale, anthu potembenukiranso awo kumwamba ndi cholinga kumvetsa loukitsa Akufa, kuphunzira malamulo ake, kuti tipeze malo a matupi. Nkosafuna kunena kuti chidziwitso cha m'mlengalenga chapamwamba ndipo ngakhale zambiri za m'mlengalenga kuti nthawi inayake mu mtundu wa anthu ofooka kwambiri. Koma izi zonse zinasintha m'zaka za m'ma XX, pamene patsogolo zamakono wayamba kupita chitsogolo, titero, ndi leaps ndi malire. Zomwe malonda malo ndi rocketry tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani ino.

mpainiya

The Launch loyamba Yuri Gagarin pa bolodi anasintha mbiri yathu, nagawira mu zaka zambirimbiri. April 12, 1961 Russian woyamba kapitawo pa dziko anaulukira ku malo danga.

Space chombo unayambitsidwa ku Baikonur pa naini koloko m'mawa Moscow nthawi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, roketi anagwira kamodzi padziko lonse ndipo anachita ankafika anakonza pa 10:55, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Smelovka ili mu dera Saratov. The Launch unali wopambana korona wa yaitali ndi kalavulagaga ntchito ya gulu la akatswiri ndi akatswiri ena a Soviet Union.

imalankhula danga

anthu ochepa mukudziwa, koma pamaso Gagarin ankathawa mu danga la USSR wopereka R-7 chida Launch mu 1957. Chifukwa dziko lino mabungwe anapambana mfundo danga mpikisano mu United States. Nawonso America anatumiza chombo mu zingalowe January 31, 1958. Launch zinachitika mu Cape US Canaveral.

Pambuyo imalankhula chida mu Japan (1970), China (1970), Great Britain (1971), India (1980), Israel (1988), Russia (1992), Ukraine (1995), Iran (2009 chaka), Korea North (2012), Korea South (2013).

kuyamba Features

The roketi mu m'mlengalenga ayenera kuchitidwa ndi mowa wotsikitsitsa mphamvu zotheka. Kwambiri mulingo woyenera malinga ya roketi liwiro ankaona spaceports amenewa: European Kourou, Brazil Alcantara ndi akuyandama Nyanja Launch, chimene chingathe kukulozani mwachindunji ku equator mzere lapansi.

N'chifukwa chiyani zabwino chida imalankhula zikuchitika ku equator? Ichi ndi chifukwa Zikatero, makina yomweyo kupeza liwiro kuyenda 465 mamita awo / s motsogozedwa easterly. Chiwerengerochi ndi chifukwa kasinthasintha wa lathuli. N'chifukwa chake ambiri mwa njira yodutsamo wa chida Launch imapezeka mu kumbali ya kum'mawa. Zosiyana zitha ankaona Israel monga kummawa izo malire ndi mayiko oipa kwambiri choncho ndi kusonyeza kumayamba awo zosiyana (kumadzulo).

nkhani za m'mbiri

Space luso yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ulamuliro wa Hitler, amene ntchito ngati mwayi circumvent Pangano la Versailles. Ngakhale pamaso pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, a ku Germany anayamba "V-2". Yambani mivi ya mtundu uwu zinachitikadi ndi Antwerp ndi London. Zinali iye amene anali woyamba katundu zinakhazikitsa roketi pa dziko.

Nthawi zasonyeza kuti "V-2" mapeto kunapezeka kuti cholakwika ntchito mawu a asilikali ndi chuma. Komabe, phindu lake mbiri kwagona kuti, chifukwa US ake ankhondo ndi akatswiri Soviet Union anatha kutsimikiza lingathe mkulu wa luso roketi, zomwe zimaoneka mavuto kudziwa ndi kukakumana ndi roketi lokha pa ndege ake. Ndipo chifukwa pambuyo kugonjetsa Nazi ku Germany anali zimagulitsidwa zinsinsi zonse malonda ndi zikalata wafunsira chiyambi cha Space Mpikisano pakati pa boma la Soviet Union ndi m'mayiko a azungu.

The ndondomeko ya zouluka

Yambani danga roketi masiku ano limapereka linanena bungwe yake kanjira dziko lapansi. Pofuna kukwaniritsa izo, spacecraft adzafunika kutalika wotsikitsitsa zotheka kukhala kukwaniritsa woyamba dziko mathamangidwe motsogozedwa yopingasa (7.9 km / s). Ngati chithunzi ichi kukufika, ndiye chida amakhala Kanema yokumba la dziko lathuli. Ngati liwiro ndi zosakwana kufunika ananenera, ndi njira yodutsamo chifukwa cha chida ballistic zochita.

Pofuna kukwaniritsa kufunika kwa mathamangidwe woyamba dziko mu boosters ntchito Mipikisano gawo mfundo. The roketi chomwecho amachotsa kuchokera mwapadera kunyumba unsembe.

Mtsogoleri dziko mu 2015

Mu 2015, za kukhazikitsidwa kwa maroketi danga ku dera la Russia zinayenda bwino kwambiri. Pa chaka chatha ku Russia ikuchitika 26 imalankhula wa spacecraft, amene anamupatsa kutenga chopanda malire malo oyamba mu dziko. Pa Russia nkhani 30% ya imalankhula onse danga dziko. Akuluakulu afunika ziyangoyango anali Baikonur ndi Plesetzk.

wamphamvu chida

Masiku ano, mwapadera linaperekedwa kwa otchedwa mivi asilikali ballistic. Aliyense wa iwo ndi osakaniza mbali ziwiri:

• Iyamba gawo;
• Nkhondo mutu, amene mosamalitsa kulankhula, ndi kuwanditsa.

The woyamba kawirikawiri ankaimira ndi awiri kapena triplet wa magawo chimphona Mipikisano matani, kwathunthu ndi mafuta. zinthu zimenezi zimatumizidwa ku mbali olondola a mutu wa roketi ndi izo mathamangitsidwe chofunika.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mizinga intercontinental ballistic - ndondomeko ndi zovuta ndi wovuta. A njira yodutsamo ndege chimadutsa wosanjikiza wa nthambi otsika-mozungulira, ndi kuchedwa pang'ono pa mlingo, ndiye pali kunsi kuyenda motsatira njira elliptical, mwachindunji kugunda mipherezero.

Nthawi zambiri Launch ya intercontinental ballistic chida ikuchitika ndi sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi Russian ngalawa "Borey", a kalasi ya ballistic chida sitima zapamadzi mpaka m'badwo wachinayi. Komanso, mabomba ballistic , "Ohio" okhala ndi sitima zankhondo American.

Komabe, mabomba intercontinental akhoza zochokera ku malo ena:

• pa nthaka launchers n'kupuma;
• mu nkhokwezi;
• makhazikitsidwe mafoni monga gudumu;
• pa launchers njanji.

Today pa mivi ballistic wokwera injini olimba kapena madzi ndi zigawo mkulu kuwira. Mivi ya mtundu umenewu kubwera ku malo a kwawo ku boma okonzeka ndipo akhoza kusungidwa mu nkhondowo okonzeka mu nthawi ya utumiki wawo. The Launch chikuchitika chosonyeza ntchito njira wailesi kapena chingwe. The ndondomeko ya akukonzekera kukhazikitsa amafuna mphindi zochepa.

Pomaliza, Ndikufuna kuti mivi iliyonse zamakono - mankhwala pa chilengedwe ndi kukonza zomwe ntchito nambala yaikulu anthu, kuyambira ndi akatswiri kapangidwe ndi kutsiriza ndi udindo wapamwamba asilikali ndi alonda wozengereza yokonza mayunitsi ataima pa tcheru. Izi zipangitsa odalirika mpweya chishango cha dziko.