Rudyard Kipling: Biography ndi Chilengedwe

Munthu weniweni waluso ayenera kukhala ndi luso pa chilichonse. Kutsimikiziridwa kwa mawu awa ndi Joseph Rudyard Kipling. Mbiri ya munthu uyu, makamaka kulandira Nobel Mphoto pa zaka makumi anayi ndi ziwiri ndi umboni. Wolemba, wolemba ndakatulo ndi wolemba ankakonda anthu ndi chikhalidwe, anali ndi chidwi ndi chirichonse, awerengere zambiri. Anali wolimba mtima, nthawi zonse ankakhala ndi chikhalidwe komanso ndale. Anakhulupirira kuti panali "mantha olemekezeka", omwe ayenera kugawidwa ndi anthu onse - chifukwa cha munthu wina. Monga aphunzitsi a ku Britain, nthawi zonse ankaganiza za India, yemwe ankadziwa chinenero chake, dziko lachiwiri.

Ndi ntchito zotani zomwe zimalemekeza Kipling?

Monga mukudziwa, ndakatulo ya ku Britain ndi imodzi mwa chuma chambiri padziko lapansi: George Gordon Byron, William Shakespeare, Matthew Arnold, Charlotte Bronte. Chifukwa chake, zikuwonetsa chisankho cha anthu a ku Britain kuti ayesetse kupeza wailesi yotchuka ya Air Force kutchula ndakatulo zomwe amakonda. Chofunika kwambiri (komanso ndi mtengo waukulu!) Chinali pa "Kipling" cha Kipling. Komabe, adakali wodziwika ngati wolemba wotsutsa. Ntchito ya Kipling ndi yambiri. Chofunika kwambiri pakati pa ntchito zake - buku loti "Kim" ndi mndandanda wa nkhani zazifupi "Book of the Jungle."

Mizere ya wolembayi ndi yokongola kwambiri. Zoonadi, "Bukhu la Chimanga" lingatchulidwe moyenerera mu vesi. Tinalemba mabuku athu achigiriki Turgenev ndi Gogol, koma, zedi, za Russia. Zithunzi zokhala ndi zithunzi 15 za Jungle Book zili ndi nkhani yonena za Mowgli, kuphatikiza 8 mwa iwo, ndi nkhani zina zokhudzana ndi nyama zopatsidwa ndi anthu za ku India: za mongofu wolimbika Ricky-Tikki-Tavi, wathanzi womwe umayenda paokha. Nkhani ya mnyamata wa Kipling Mowgli, yemwe anakulira ndi phukusi la mimbulu, zakumenyana kwake ndi nkhanza wankhanza Sherhan ankawonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza m'makapepala ndipo amadziwika bwino kwa ana onse.

Wolemba ana

Nkhani za India zinadziwika kuti Kipling. Mbiri yake ikuyamba ku Bombay, kumene anabadwira mu 1936. Ubwana wake unatha ku India . Dzikoli amadziwa komanso ankakonda. Ubwana wamphamvu kwambiri, wowonekera bwino kwambiri wonena za mwana wa Mphunzitsi wa Bombay School of Art akugwirizana ndi nthano zamatsenga za amwenye a India zokhudzana ndi zinyama (mnyamatayo amamvetsetsa ndipo amatha kulankhula Chihindi bwino).

Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi anatumizidwa ku England, kupita ku nyumba yaumwini, malinga ndi biography ya Kipling. Kwa ana omwe ankazoloŵera moyo wachisawawa, nthawi zambiri zinali zovuta kuti azizoloŵera kubzala. Iye sanali chiweto kwa hostess wa nyumba yopangira nyumba. Kumbukirani za kupanda chilungamo ndi nkhanza zomwe wolembayo anakumana nazo ali mnyamata, kenaka adayambitsa buku la "Black Sheep".

Achinyamata

Poyamba bambo anga ankaganiza kuti achinyamata a Kipling ayenera kukhala apolisi. The biography imasonyeza kuti iye anavomerezedwa ngati mnyamata wazaka khumi ndi zitatu ku Devon School (kwenikweni, fano la suvorov sukulu yathu), yomwe ndi mtundu wa makampani oyang'anira masewera olimba odziwika bwino. Mabwana a "Boyish", mikwingwirima ndi "nkhondo zazing'ono" ndi anzako-akusukulu-sukulu izi zonsezi ziyenera kuchitika mu gulu la amuna, asanalandire "kuvomereza" kwawo. Yosefe adakondana ndi sukulu komanso utumiki. Pafupi ndi nthawi imeneyi ya moyo wake akuwuza nkhani zazifupi "Stalki ndi Co" Kumeneku iye anasonyeza luso lake monga wolemba. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kusadziona bwino sikudalira ntchito ya usilikali. Bambo anakumbukira mnyamata wazaka 17 wa ku India, kumene anali kuyang'anira "nyuzipepala ya Civil and Military."

Kuyambira Ntchito ya Wolemba

Zimachokera ku njira yofotokozera yomwe nkhani za R. Kipling zimayambira. Mndandanda wake wa "Departmental notes" ndi wopambana. Wolemba kalatayi ali bwino ku Hindustani, iye ali pafupi ndi wowerengera wa Chimwenye, amamvetsetsa komanso amamukonda. Wolemba zaka 34, yemwe amadziwika kale ku Britain, akubwera ku London kuti "adzipangire dzina." Pano, mogwirizana ndi American Walcott Bailstier, wofalitsa, Kipling amagwira ntchito pa nkhaniyo "Naulahka." Zithunzi, zowerengera mwachidule za moyo wake m'nthaŵiyi ndi zokondweretsa kwambiri. Anapeza bwenzi lenileni komanso adagwirizana ndi mlongo wake. Komabe, ntchito yawo yogwirizana sinakhalitse nthawi yaitali. Pambuyo pa imfa ya wokondedwa kuchokera ku typhus, amakwatira mlongo wake Carolina. Amalemba zilembo zake zotchuka "Gunga Din" ("Gunga Din") ndi "Mandalay."

Nthawi ya Vermont ya kulenga

Banja lachichepere linasamukira ku Vermont, kumene buku la "Jungle Book" ndi mndandanda wa masalmo "The Seven Seas" amafalitsidwa. Apa, makolo okondwa anali ndi ana awiri aakazi, ndiye mwana wamwamuna. Buku labwino la Kipling likugwiritsidwa ntchito - "Kim" ponena za mnyamata wamasiye wachi India yemwe adaphunzira nzeru ya Chibuda ndipo anakhala msilikali wa Britain. Atakangana ndi achibale ake aakazi, wolemba mabuku wa zaka makumi atatu ndi zitatu ndi banja lake anasamukira ku New York. Apa iye ndi mwana wake wamkazi akudwala ndi chibayo, kenako mtsikanayo anamwalira.

Kusamukira ku Britain

Kwa miyezi ingapo amagwira ntchito ku nyuzipepala ya ku South Africa, kenako amagula nyumba yachinsinsi ku England, m'chigawo cha Sussex. Amagwira nawo mwakhama moyo wa ndale, akuthandizira ovomerezeka. Kwa iye kumabwera kuzindikira: Nobel Prize, madigiri olemekezeka a mayunivesite a British ndi European. Koma kachiwiri, wolembayo akuyembekezera kwambiri. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, mwana wake anaphedwa. Wolemba ndi mkazi wake amapereka nthawi yawo yonse kuthandiza anthu a Red Cross. Iye pafupifupi samalemba, kotero chisoni ndi chachikulu. Komabe, Kipling posachedwa amapeza bwenzi lomwe linatha "kumugwedeza" ndikumuukitsa. Iwo anakhala ... Chingerezi King George V. (Ndi munthu uyu anali wokondana kwambiri mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake Kipling.) Mbiri ya wolembayo ikuchitira umboni momwe iye anaferekera kukumbukira kwa mwana wake, ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu ndi zitatu, akulemba nkhani "A Guardsmen Achi Irish pa Great Nkhondo ". Kusasokonezeka kunali moyo wa wolemba uyu, kulenga kopambana, mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri kumatsatizana ndi imfa ya okondedwa. Gastritis amene ankamuzunza anayamba kukhala zilonda zam'mimba. Anamwalira kuchokera m'magazi amkati, anaikidwa m'manda ku Westminster Abbey.

Kutsiliza

Zambiri zamakono Kipling. Timamudziwa, chifukwa cha nkhani zowala za ana zamatsenga za Buku la Jungle. Komabe, ntchito zake zili ndi mbali ina. Henry James anautcha "English Balzac". Buku la "Kim" likuyankhidwa bwino ntchito yabwino yokhudza India mu Chingerezi. Kipling ankalemekezedwa ndi kulemekezedwa ndi anthu akuluakulu makamaka pa Nkhondo Yadziko lonse. Konstantin Simonov wathu wachikulire adatchula "chikhalidwe cholimba" cha Kipling, "msilikali wake wolimba", "chikhalidwe chachimuna".

Inde, kodi munthu wosakhala munthu anganene kuti mwamuna sayenera "kuimitsidwa" ndi "kulowetsedwa" mwa kupambana ndi kulephera, kuti nthawi zonse aziwachitira "osasunthika".