Russian akatswiri ndi apeza

akatswiri Russian adzipangira chopereka chachikulu sayansi dziko. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mayina zikulu, muyenera kudziwa kuti munthu aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi nyama ndi zomera. akatswiri Russian, ndi biographies ndi zina zomwe zomwe mudzaphunzira, kuuzira achinyamata kuphunzira sayansi chidwi.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Munthu uyu mu nthawi Soviet sakusowekera oyamba. Koma tsopano si aliyense amene anganene kuti Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (zaka za moyo - 1849-1936) analenga zamoyo ntchito apamwamba mantha. Komanso, iye analemba mndandanda wa mapepala pa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa chimbudzi ndi magazi. Iye anali woyamba asayansi Russian analandira Nobel Prize chifukwa cha kuphunzira m'munda wa asilikali m'mimba.

Zatsopano pa agalu

Ambiri kumbukirani zatsopano wake pa agalu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, adalenga zojambula ambiri nthabwala mu dziko lathu, ndi kunja. Nthawi iliyonse akulankhula za achibadwidwe, kumbukirani galu Pavlov a.

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich kale mu 1890 anayamba kuchita zinthu zatsopano pa nyama zimenezi. Iye ankagwiritsa ntchito njira opaleshoni kuchotsa agalu onse mwa kholingo. Pamene nyama wayamba kudya, m'mimba sanalandire chakudya, koma madzi chapamimba ku fistula analenga akadali anaima.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, zatsopano Pavlov anakhala chipangizo kwambiri. Iye anaphunzitsa agalu kukumana makhalidwe zikuchitika kunja, monga belu Ringer kuti limatiuza za kudya pafupi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nyama anali analongosola ndi reflex wabwino: chakudya limapezeka nthawi yomweyo pambuyo kuitanako. Ngakhale mbakonda chakudya, galu wayamba kuoneka ku fistula madzi muzituluka.

Zimaonetseratu Pavlova njira

Mbali Pavlova njira inkakhala chakuti anayamba kusonkhana ndi njira maganizo a ntchito thupi. Zotsatira za maphunziro ambiri anatsimikizira kukhalako kulankhulana izi. ntchito Pavlov a pofotokoza limagwirira limene pali chimbudzi, ndakupatsani kutsogolera zikamera wa malangizo atsopano mu sayansi - Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa a ntchito apamwamba mantha. Ivan Petrovich zaka zoposa 35 za moyo wake kwa dera ili.

Origin, maphunziro

Wasayansi tsogolo anabadwa mu Ryazan, September 14, 1849 makolo ake pa mizere akuchikazi ndi makolo anali ansembe, khama kwambiri m'moyo wawo ku tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox. Pavlov maphunziro kusukulu Ryazan wauzimu mu 1864, analowa seminare mumzinda umodzi, umene pambuyo pake analankhula ndi wachikondi chachikulu. Pamene iye anali mu chaka chatha, ndinawerenga ntchito Sechenov "bongo mwa ubongo." Iye anatembenuka pa moyo wake wa m'tsogolo.

zikayenda Pavlova

ntchito yake yoyamba anafalitsa mu 1923, ndipo mu 1926 boma la Soviet anamanga pafupi Leningrad Tizilombo Station. Apa Pavlov anayamba kafukufuku m'munda wa ubongo ntchito ndi khalidwe chibadwa anyani (anthropoids). Komanso wagwira ntchito mu zipatala bongo.

Tikumbukenso kuti Pavlov m'munda wa chidziwitso cha ubongo uli pafupifupi chopereka lalikulu konse. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira za sayansi wasayansi chinathandiza sayansi mfundo za matenda okhudza ubongo, komanso osonyeza njira kuwachitira. Academician, ndi thandizo la boma la USSR, mwayi zofunika phunzirolo. Izi zinamupatsa kutulukira zinthu chosintha.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Great Russian akatswiri padziko lonse - ndi Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ndi Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Choyamba pa izi ife kale anauza. Anaziphunzitsa owerenga ndi wachiwiri.

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (zaka za moyo - 1845-1916) - wotchuka Russian wasayansi ndi dokotala wodziwa za vutoli. Mu 1908 iye anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel chifukwa Medicine ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa Prize (ichitikire ndi Paulo Ehrlich). Izi mphoto yapamwamba Mechnikov analandira chifukwa cha kuphunzira m'munda wa chitetezo chokwanira achilengedwe.

Wasayansi tsogolo anabadwa m'mudzi, wapafupi Kharkov, May 3, 1845. Mu 1864, Mechnikov Ilya Ilich maphunziro University Kharkov kenako anaphunzira ku m'madipatimenti yunivesite ya Munich, Göttingen ndi Giessen. Mechnikov Anapitanso ku Italy, kumene anaphunzitsidwa embryology. Iye kumbuyo zolemba pamaphunziro ake digirii mu 1868. Kuyambira 1870 mpaka 1882 anagwira ntchito wasayansi ku Odessa. Pano, pa University Novorossiysk, iye anali katswiri wa zinyama. Scientist bwinobwino pamodzi ndi chiphunzitso sayansi ntchito. Mu 1886, pamodzi ndi NF Gamaleia anakonza siteshoni bacteriological choyamba mu Russia. Wasayansi anasamukira ku Paris mu 1887, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi pa kuyitana kwa Louis Pasteur anayamba kugwira ntchito pa anayambitsa wake, pamene anali kupita kwa zasayansi. Kuyambira 1905 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov anali wachiwiri wotsogolera wa m'banja.

Woyamba ntchito Ili Ilicha analemba pa nyama zonse zopanda mafupa Zoology (coelenterates siponji), komanso zamoyo zinachita embryology. Iye amakhala chiphunzitso fagotsitelly (chiyambi cha zamoyo multicellular). Wasayansi anapeza chodabwitsa phagocytosis, ndilo mayamwidwe maselo amoyo ndi zamoyo unicellular kapena particles ndi phagocytes - maselo wapadera, monga Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya maselo oyera. Kuchokera pa mfundo imeneyi, Metchnikoff anayamba ndi wina - poyerekeza kudwala kutupa.

Pali ntchito zambiri zolembedwa ndi Iley Ilichom mu bacteriology. Iye ayesa yekha, chifukwa cha zomwe zinaonetsa kuti Vibrio cholerae ndi wothandizila causative a kolera muthu. Ilya Ilyich anafa July 2, 1916 mu Paris.

akatswiri zimene ena Russian ndi lotereli? Tikupereka kukumana ngakhale mmodzi wa iwo.

Dzina lake Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevsky

Izi china chachikulu Russian wasayansi, dzina sitingathe kuzitchula. Kovalevsky anali katswiri, iye anagwira ntchito pa Imperial Academy of Sciences, academician wamba.

Anabadwa Kovalevskiy dzina lake Aleksandr Onufrievich mu 1840, pa November 19. Iye anaphunzira maphunziro ake oyambirira kunyumba, kenako anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa nkhani ya Railway Akatswiri. Dzina lake Aleksandr Onufrievich anatuluka mu 1859 ndipo ndinalembetsa ku St. Petersburg University (Dipatimenti ya Natural Sciences). Mu nthawi kuchokera 1860 mpaka 1862 anaphunzitsidwa ndi zida Kovalevsky, Carius ndi Bunsen ku Heidelberg, ndiye mu Leydig Kvenshteta, Luschka ndi Mole mu Tübingen.

Mu 1862, Kovalevskiy dzina lake Aleksandr Onufrievich maphunziro zimaphunzitsidwa ku St. Petersburg University, umene kenako chitetezo cha mbuye ndi mfundozo digirii. Mu 1868 Kovalevsky anakhala katswiri wa zinyama. Nthawi imeneyi, ntchito pa yunivesite ya Kazan.

Pakuti nthawi kuchokera 1870 mpaka 1873 monga ulendo Algiers ndi Nyanja Yofiira ndi cholinga sayansi. Mu 1890, pambuyo ulendo wina kunja, anali osankhidwa membala wa Imperial Academy of Sciences, ndipo linapereka mutu wa academician wamba. Mu 1891 adatenga mpando wa histology mu kwawo ku St. Petersburg University.

Ambiri mwa ntchito ya sayansi zoyenera embryology, makamaka invertebrates. Tinathera mu 1860s, kuphunzira anapeza zigawo nyongolosi mu zinthu izi. Kovalevsky kafukufuku zaka zaposachedwapa lolunjika pa tanthauzo la ziwalo phagocytic ndi secretory mu invertebrates.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

munthu izi ndi za chiphunzitso cha chitetezo chokwanira zomera, komanso anachokera malo dziko. Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich anapeza lamulo la kusintha chawo zamoyo ndi magazi zino. Munthu uyu wapanga chopereka kwambiri pamaphunziro a mitundu kwachilengedwenso. Iye adalenga msonkhamsonkha yochititsa chidwi kwambiri mbewu za mbewu zosiyanasiyana mu dziko. Ichi ndi wasayansi wina amene analemekeza dzina la dziko lathu.

Origin Vavilov

Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich anabadwa mu Moscow pa November 25, 1887 m'banja la chachiwiri munalidi gulu wamalonda ndi maonekedwe onse Vavilov Ivan Ilyich. munthu uyu anali mbadwa ya Amaya. Patsogolo ulimi wa 1917, iye ankagwira ntchito monga mkulu wa kampani "kuchotsa ndi Vavilov", chinkhoswe mu nsalu. Postnikova Aleksandra Mihaylovna, mayi wa sayansi ya chakhala banja wodula wojambula. A okwana Ivana Ilicha banja anali ana 7, koma atatu a iwo anafa ali ana.

Phunziro chiphunzitso

maphunziro a kupulayimale Nikolai analandira sukulu ya zamalonda ndipo kenako anayamba kuphunzira pa Moscow Institute ulimi. Anamaliza mu 1911, ndiye anapitiriza ntchito pa anayambitsa pa Dipatimenti ya ulimi payekha. Vavilov mu 1917 anayamba wophunzitsa pa University of Saratov, ndipo kuyambira 1921 wagwira ntchito mu Petrograd. Onse-Union Institute zomera Nikolai walunjika mpaka 1940. Mothandizidwa ndi zaka zingapo mu phunziro 1919-20, anafotokoza zomera zonse nakulitsa wa dera Volga ndi kum'mawa kwa Volga.

ulendo Vavilov a

Nikolai Vavilov zaka 20 (kuchokera 1920 mpaka 1940) anatsogolera ulendo kuphunzira zomera ku Central Asia, ndi Mediterranean, ndipo anthu ena. Pa mmodzi wa iwo anali mu 1924 mu Afghanistan. Zipangizo chifukwa adzalola asayansi kudziwa chiyambi ndi kufala kwa zomera nakulitsa. Izi kwambiri atsogolere ntchito zina za botanists ndi obereketsa. Collection zomera anasonkhana wofufuza zikuphatikizapo poonekera oposa 300 zikwi.. Iwo kusungidwa mu VIR.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Vavilov mu 1926 anapambana Lenin ntchito zoyenera kwa chitetezo chokwanira cha chiyambi cha zomera nakulitsa, komanso lamulo ija magazi, kutsegula. Iye analandira angapo mphoto ndi mendulo angapo. Komabe, ndi ziphunzitso za kalikiliki ndi wophunzira ake etc. Lysenko ndipo mothandizidwa ndi ideologues phwando. Iwo anali osiyana ndi kafukufuku chibadwa. Mu 1940, ntchito maphunziro a Vavilov anathetsa chifukwa. Iye mlandu zonyoza zimayenda ndi anamangidwa. Wasayansi wamkulu linakonzedwa mavuto m'zaka za posachedwapa. Iye anafa mu ndende mu Saratov njala mu 1943.

konzanso wasayansi

miyezi 11 kufufuza anapitiriza kutsutsana naye. Panthawi imeneyi nthawi zoposa 400 Vavilov amatchedwa mafunso. Nikolai Ivanovich, atamwalira, anakana ngakhale manda umodzi. Iye anaikidwa pamodzi ndi akaidi ena. Vavilov mu 1955 anali asintha khalidwe lawo, onse milandu ntchito ndi zisinthe, zachotsedwa. dzina lake potsiriza anabwezeretsedwa mu USSR Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Leonidovich Vereshchaka

Modern Russian akatswiri wasonyeza lonjezo lalikulu. Makamaka, AL Vereshchaka, lomwe mwini zinthu zina zambiri. Iye anabadwa mu Khimki, July 16, 1965. Vereshchaka - Russian oceanographer, pulofesa dokotala wa sayansi zamoyo komanso membala lolingana ya Russian Academy of Sciences.

Mu 1987 anamaliza ku Moscow State University, mphamvu ya Biology. Mu 1990, wasayansi anakhala dokotala mu 1999 - pulofesa MIIGAiK ndipo akutsogolera zasayansi a Institute of Oceanology ya Russian Academy of Sciences, zochokera mu Moscow kuyambira 2007.

Vereshchaka Alexander Leonidovich ndi katswiri mu munda wa Oceanology ndi Geo. Iye amakhala pafupi 100 zokhudza sayansi. zikayenda Aika kugwirizana ndi ntchito njira zamakono mu oceanography ndi geoecology monga magalimoto deepwater zinakhazikitsa "Mir" (kuposa 20 madzi ulendo 11).

Vereshchaka ndi mlengi wa chitsanzo cha dongosolo Madziwo (atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena). Iye anayamba mfundo m'chilengedwe malire (bentopeligiali), wokhala ndi zinyama zenizeni ndi kugwirizana ndi wosanjikiza pansi. Mogwirizana ndi anzake ochokera m'mayiko ena, iye walenga njira ya liwulo udindo wa m'madzi nano- ndi microbiota (prokaryotes, archaea ndi eukaryotes) ntchito patsogolo atsopano chibadwa maselo. Iye ndi wa anapeza ndi mapangidwe a mabanja awiri nkhanu, komanso mitundu yoposa 50 nkhanu kubereka.

Rosenberg Gennady Samuilovich

wasayansi anabadwa mu Ufa mu 1949. Iye anayamba ntchito yake monga injiniya, koma anayamba kusamalira zasayansi, yomwe ili pa Institute of Biology wa Bashkir Nthambi ya Academy of Sciences. Gennady Samuilovich Rosenberg anasamukira ku Togliatti mu 1987, komwe anagwira ntchito kafukufuku wamkulu pa Institute of Ubale wa Volga beseni. Mu 1991, katswiri anatsogolera bungwe ili.

Iye amakhala chitukuko mphamvu kusanthula njira dongosolo zinthu zachilengedwe. Analenganso dongosolo kwa kusanthula zigawo zachilengedwe lalikulu.

Ilyin Yury Viktorovich

wasayansi ameneyu anabadwa mu Asbest December 21, 1941 Iye ndi wasayansi ya tizilombo tosaoneka ndi 1992 ndi academician ya Russian Academy of Sciences. Kupambana lalikulu ake, wasayansi woyenera nkhani mwatsatanetsatane za iye.

Yuriy Viktorovich Ilin imakhazikika chibadwa maselo ndi zamoyo. Mu 1976, wasayansi wopereka cloning dispersirovannyh majini m'manja amene ali eukaryotic chibadwa cha mtundu watsopano. Kufunika kwa kupezeka unali waukulu kwambiri. Zinali majini woyamba mafoni nyama, okhoza kuti azindikire. Pambuyo pake, asayansi anayamba kuphunzira eukaryotic transposable zinthu. Iye analenga chiphunzitso cha mbali imene imachititsa mu dispersirovannyh mafoni kusanduka, mutagenesis ndi carcinogenesis.

Zinaida Sergeevna Donets

Great Russian akatswiri - si amuna basi. M'pofunika za ophunzira monga Zinaida Sergeevna Donets. Iye ndi Dokotala wa Sciences, pulofesa wa moyo wa zinyama ndi zachilengedwe a Yaroslavl State University.

Mu 1953, Donets Zinaida Sergeevna anamaliza maphunziro pa Kiev State University, patapita kanthawi iye kumbuyo mbuye wake ndi digiri. Kuyambira mu 1978 n'kuti akugwira ntchito mu Yaroslavl State University. Zinaida S. wakhala akugwira ntchito pa kuphunzira zachilengedwe ndi zomera la majeremusi nsomba mu Volga beseni. Ndi mwini mabuku oposa 100 m'magazini zosiyanasiyana za sayansi.

Kumene, pali akatswiri ena a dziko lathu, kuchilingalira. Tinakambirana yekha za zofunika zazikulu ofufuza ndi umene uli wofunika kwa kumbukirani.