N'zoona njira - ndi chiyani ichi? Katundu ndi zikuchokera

Mu chikhalidwe, pali pafupifupi palibe zinthu zoyera. Ambiri iwo anapereka mu mawonekedwe a zosakaniza amene angathe kupanga homogeneous kapena dongosolo sakanikira.

njira makamaka chenicheni

N'zoona njira - mtundu wa kachitidwe kumwazikana ndi mphamvu apamwamba pakati kupezeka sing'anga ndi gawo omwazika.

mankhwala aliyense akhoza kuwapeza timibulu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mulimonsemo, iwo adzakhala ndi chomwecho mkati kapangidwe: ndi amaayoni kapena maselo galasi latisi.

yanyumba

Mu ndondomeko ya kuvunda mu madzi a mbewu ya sodium kolorayidi ndi dzuwa ndi mapangidwe njira maselo ion. Malinga mlingo wa kugawikana, thunthu kwa yo-:

• looneka macroscopic particles kuti amakhala akuluakulu kuposa 0.2 mamilimita;
• particles tosaoneka kukhala tinthu kukula zosakwana 0.2 mm, amatha kugwira okha ndi maso a.

Zoona ndi colloidal njira amasiyana ndi tinthu kukula kwa solute lapansi. Suoneka maso timibulu lotchedwa particles colloidal, ndi chikhalidwe chifukwa amatchedwa colloidal njira.

gawo njira

Nthawi zambiri, yankho woona - ndi zosamveka (omwazika) dongosolo homogeneous mitundu. Iwoŵa yothandizira olimba gawo - zimasweka sing'anga ndi tinthu wosweka mawonekedwe ena ndi kukula (omwazika gawo). ndi kusiyana colloids ku kachitidwe weniweni?

Chachikulu kusiyana ndi kukula kwa particles. Colloid-kumwazikana machitidwe ankaona sakanikira, kuyambira maso kuwala n'zosatheka kudziwa gawo malire.

njira woona - ndi zosinthika, pamene mu chikhazikitso chilengedwe ndi mu mawonekedwe a ayoni kapena mamolekyulu. Iwo ali lokhala ndi gawo homogeneous njira.

Monga chofunika ndi mapangidwe machitidwe omwazika ankaona kuvunda tonse kupezeka sing'anga ndi dispersible mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, sodium kolorayidi ndi sucrose, insoluble benzene ndi palafini, mu zosungunulira choncho sadzamvetsa kupanga njira colloidal.

Machitidwe gulu kumwazikana

Kodi osiyanasiyana dispersions? njira woona, kachitidwe colloidal yodziwika ndi magawo angapo.

Pali wagawo kumwazikana machitidwe boma akaphatikiza sing'anga ndi gawo omwazika, mapangidwe kapena ayi mogwirizana pakati pawo.

makhalidwe a

Pali zina zokhudza kachulukidwe ya nkhani particulate. Makamaka kuonetsetsa mlingo wa kupezeka. Khalidwe limeneli ndi osiyanitsidwa cha kukula tinthu. N'zimenenso chiwerengero cha particles kuti akhoza adzaikidwa mu mzere pa mtunda wa centimeter wina.

Ngati pamene particles onse ali ofanana kukula, aumbike dongosolo monodisperse. Pamene yosiyana particles anabalalitsidwa gawo anapanga dongosolo polydisperse.

Ndi kukula kupezeka mankhwala chinawonjezeka zomwe zimachitika pamwamba interphase. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera pamwamba yofunika gawo omwazika kumawonjezera zotsatira physico-mankhwala a sing'anga pa mawonekedwe a magawo awiri.

Mitundu kachitidwe kumwazikana

Malinga imene gawo adzakhala solute, kuonetsetsa embodiments osiyana kumwazikana kachitidwe.

Aerosols - dispersions zimene sing'anga omwazika ndi mu maonekedwe gaseous. Chifunga - kupemereredwa ndi madzi omwazika gawo. Utsi ndi fumbi kwaiye olimba omwazika gawo.

Foams ndi mpweya kupezeka mu chikhazikitso madzi. Zakumwa mu foams kufota mafilimu kuti kupatukana thovu mpweya.

Emulsions otchedwa kumwazikana kachitidwe, kumene madzi limodzi ndi anagawira pa buku la wina, popanda Kutha m'menemo.

Kuyimitsidwa kapena slurry - dongosolo otsika kupezeka imene particles olimba ali mu madzi. njira colloidal kapena sols pamene kupezeka amadzimadzi amatchedwa hydrosol.

Malinga ndi kukhalapo (pakalibe) pakati pa particles wa gawo omwazika ndi lakutali kapena svobodnodispersnye svjaznodispersnye dongosolo. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo liozoli, aerosols, emulsions, suspensions. M'magulu otere, asanaonane pakati pa particles ndi gawo kumwazikana. Iwo amasunthira popanda chiletso mu njira mchikakamizo yokoka.

kachitidwe Svjaznodispersnye yanthanda pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi particles wa gawo omwazika, chifukwa mu dongosolo lomenyera eg gululi kapena chimango. madongosolo otero colloidal amatchedwa angakhale angelo.

Ndondomeko gelling (gelation) ndi Sol-gel osakaniza kutembenuka zochokera poyambira Sol ndi adatchithisira bata. Zitsanzo svjaznodispersnye machitidwe monga suspensions, emulsions, ufa, foams. Zili ndi dothi, anapanga pa zimene organic (humic zinthu) ndi mchere nthaka.

kachitidwe Capillary omwazika ndi thanthwe chuma umene wafala capillaries ndi pores. Iwo amakhulupirira minofu, zikopa osiyana, mitengo, zikatoni, pepala.

N'zoona njira - dongosolo homogeneous wopangidwa mwa zigawo ziwiri. Iwo akhoza kukhalapo mu maiko osiyana mankhwala loitanirana. zosungunulira The imatengedwa chinthu anatengedwa owonjezera. The ofiira amatenga zedi osakwanira ankaona solute.

Features zothetsera

kasakaniza wazitsulo zovuta komanso ndi njira imene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zinthu monga kupezeka sing'anga ndi chigawo chimodzi cha. Kuyambira mfundo za maganizo, chidwi ndi zosakaniza madzi amene zochita madzi monga zosungunulira a.

Wa solvents ambiri zochita kupanga chidwi makamaka ndi madzi. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse njira woona aumbike mwa kusakaniza madzi ndi particles wa solute lapansi.

Mwa mankhwala organic ndi solvents kwambiri monga zipangizo zotsatirazi: Mowa, methanol, benzene, mpweya tetrachloride, acetone. Chifukwa lamulo wachisokonezo la tinthu kapena ayoni a solute chigawo tsankho kosangalatsa amapezeka mu njira zawo, mapangidwe dongosolo latsopano homogeneous.

Zinthu amasiyana luso lawo kupanga njira. Ena wothira mzake zedi malire. Chitsanzo ndi kuvunda mu madzi ndi timibulu a mchere.

Akamanena za ndondomeko kuvunda pamaso pa chiphunzitso maselo kayendedwe ndi kuti pambuyo oyamba mu zosungunulira timibulu mchere pa dissociation wa cations ake soda ndi anions mankhwala enaake. particles mlandu kuchita ndi kayendedwe zokhala ndi kugunda ndi particles wa kumam'phunzitsa zosungunulira ndi kusintha kwa ayoni mu zosungunulira (kumanga). Pang'onopang'ono ndondomeko zogwiritsidwa ndi tinthu ena awonongeke pamwamba wosanjikiza, Krustalo mchere kusungunuka m'madzi. Mayamwidwe mukhoza kugawira particulate nkhani ndi buku zosungunulira.

Mitundu njira chenicheni

Yankho woona - dongosolo, amene ogaŵikana mitundu yambiri. Pali gulu la machitidwe ngati madzi ndi sanali amadzimadzi zosungunulira mu maonekedwe. Iwo ali m'magulu malinga ndi chimake cha solute mu soda, acid ndi mchere.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira woona za magetsi: sanali electrolytes, electrolytes. Malinga ndende ya solute angathe kuchepetsedwa kapena anaikira.

njira woona zinthu otsika maselo ku mfundo thermodynamic maganizo akufufuta weniweni ndi abwino.

njira amenewa kungakhale ion omwazika, komanso machitidwe maselo kumwazikana.

njira zimalimbikitsa

Malinga ndi mmene particles ambiri kupita mu njira, pali supersaturated, unsaturated, zimalimbikitsa njira. The njira ndi madzi kapena dongosolo olimba homogeneous kuti tichipeza zigawo zingapo. kwenikweni kudzapereka zosungunulira ndi solute mu dongosolo lililonse ofanana. Pa kuvunda kwa zinthu zina anati exotherm.

Chotero ndondomeko zothetsera akutsimikiza chiphunzitso, malinga ndi zimene kuvunda kuoneka ngati ndondomeko physico-mankhwala. Pali kusiyana kwa ndondomekoyi mu magulu atatu a solubility. Choyamba ndi anthu zinthu zimene zili sungunuka mu kuchuluka kwa 10 ga pa 100 ga zosungunulira, iwo amatchedwa wabwino sungunuka.

Bwino zinthu sungunuka maganizo, ngati zosakwana 10 ga kusungunuka 100 ga chigawo, mpumulo amatchedwa insoluble.

Pomaliza

KA wopangidwa ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana loitanirana, tinthu kukula koyenera kuti ntchito adalinso. N'zoona colloidal njira zafotokozedwa pamwambapa ntchito kupanga asatayike, chakudya kukhazikitsidwa. Kukhala ndi lingaliro la ndende ya solute, akhoza kukonza njira akufuna, mwachitsanzo, ethyl mowa kapena asidi acetic, zolinga zosiyanasiyana pamoyo. Malinga imene boma la loitanirana ndi solute ndi zosungunulira, kachitidwe kuchipeza ndi zina maonekedwe ndi mankhwala.