Europe: mbiri. Mayiko mu Europe: mndandanda

Mbiri ya Ulaya akuyamba ndi kugwa kwa Western Roma mu 476. Pa bwinja la boma waukulu anapanga maufumu wakunja amene anakhala maziko a ku Ulaya Western ano. Mbiri ya Ulaya lagawidwa magawo anayi: Zapakati, masiku ano chi nthawi ndi Masiku ano.

Western European Ages Middle

The IV-V zaka AD m'malire a Ufumu wa Roma unayamba kukhazikika mafuko German. Mafumu anakopeka atsamunda atsopano mu utumiki, asakudziwa chomwe ntchito amapha iwo kusewera mu tsogolo lawo. Pang'onopang'ono, asilikali achiroma anadzazidwa ndi ochokera alendo, amene zipolowe kuti anagwedeza ufumu, nthawi zambiri anatsimikiza ndondomeko ya mafumu, ndipo ngakhale nawo zokhumba za, mtimayo ankatumikira wake.

Zoterezi mayikidwe a zinachititsa kuti chakuti 476 mkulu Odoacer kutsitsidwa otsiriza Roma Romulus Augustus, ndi pa malo akale Western Roma anapanga limati latsopano kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Lalikulu ndi lamphamvu kwambiri awa ufumu wa Afulanki, atapeza mphamvu ya mfumu ya Clovis. Peak maluwa a dziko latsopano anafika pamene Wachifulanki mfumu Charlemagne, amene anatenga mutu wa mfumu m'chaka 800. ulamuliro wake m'gulu m'dera Italian, gawo la Spain, Achisaxon dziko. Kutha kwa ufumu wa pambuyo pa imfa Karla Velikogo anatsimikiza chitukuko zina m'dzikoli.

Mbiri ya Ulaya Ages Middle yodziwika ndi kukhazikitsidwa m'mayiko ambiri mode ang'onoang'ono kupanga. Mphamvu ya mfumu ku magawo oyambirira chitukuko wakhala amphamvu, koma chifukwa kulimbitsa zizoloŵezi centrifugal a boma unasweka mu angapo wambiri osiyana. Mu zaka XI-XII limayamba kukula mofulumira m'mizinda, omwe anakhala maziko a ulimi capitalist.

nthawi yatsopano

Europe, mbiri ya amene amakhala ndi kofulumiraku chitukuko zaka XV-XVII anakumana weniweni zinasintha mu asapita komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale mu malo oyamba chifukwa cha chiyambi cha M'badwo wa Apeza. Portugal, Spain, kenako Netherlands, France anayamba mtundu weniweni kwa anapeza ndi kugonjetsa madera atsopano.

Mu dera zachuma, nyengo ya pansi review amayamba nthawi otchedwa wosazindikira kudzikundikira likulu, pamene prerequisites kwa mafakitale. Mpainiya kupanga makina anakhala England: m'dziko lino kale m'zaka za m'ma XVII anayamba kukula mofulumira makampani zikuluzikulu. Europe, mbiri ya amene adakali sadziwa chilichonse ngati kuti odziwa kwambiri chitukuko cha mafakitale kukuchitika chifukwa choti zinachitikira English.

The lothandiza ya kusintha bourgeois

The mbiri yatsopano ya Europe mu gawo lina lotsatira makamaka anatsimikiza mtima m'malo a ang'onoang'ono capitalist akafuna kupanga. Zotsatira za nkhondo imeneyi inali lonse mndandanda wa kusintha bourgeois, omwe anapulumuka mu zaka XVII-XVIII mu Europe. Mbiri ya kusintha izi kumagwirizana ndi vuto la m'maulamuliro absolutist m'mayiko ŵa m'dzikoli - England ndi France. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu zonse za mfumu wakumana kukana koopsa munda lachitatu - ndi bourgeoisie m'tauni, yomwe inkafuna ufulu chuma ndi ndale.

maganizo ndi zolinga za kalasi latsopano zikugwirizananso ndi watsopano chikhalidwe sayansi mkati - maphunziro amene nthumwi kuti atapereka maganizo chosintha udindo mfumu kwa anthu, ufulu, etc. Izi ziphunzitso ndi mfundo akhala maziko maganizo kwa kusintha bourgeois. Woyamba zisinthe ngati zinachitika Netherlands m'zaka XVI, ndiyeno England m'zaka za m'ma XVII. The French kuukira boma la m'zaka XVIII amalembedwa siteji atsopano chitukuko komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale za kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, chifukwa yake mwalamulo anathetsa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono ndi kukhazikika lipabliki.

European mayiko a azungu m'zaka za m'ma XIX

Kumvetsa tanthauzo la Napoleonic Nkhondo kuzindikira dongosolo wamba, amene kusanduka mu zaka za mbiri ankaona. Mayiko a ku Ulaya zasintha chikuoneka pambuyo Congress wa Vienna mu 1815 wofotokozedwa malire atsopano ndi malire a maiko Western European.

Kumtunda, wakhala analengeza mfundo zoti chimafuna bungwe achepetse yovomerezeka. Komabe, akupeza kusintha ndi nkhondo Napoleonic tidasiya chizindikiro awo ku Ulaya. kupanga Capitalist, chilengedwe cha makampani zikuluzikulu, makampani katundu wabweretsa kwa m'bwalomo latsopano kalasi - ndi bourgeoisie, amene tsopano anali kudziwa zachuma komanso osati chitukuko ndale. Europe, mbiri ya zimene anatsimikiza ndi kusintha kwa formations umoyo ndi zachuma, anayamba njira yatsopano ya chitukuko, zomwe wakhala atathana kusintha mu France, kusintha kwa Bismarck ku Germany, kugwirizana kwa Italy.

XX m'ma m'mbiri ya Ulaya

M'ma latsopano zinali zodzaza ndi nkhondo ziwiri zoopsa dziko, amene kachiwiri zinachititsa kuti kusintha mapu m'dzikoli. Pambuyo mapeto a nkhondo yoyamba mu 1918 odukaduka ufumu waukulu ndipo malo awo limati yatsopano inakhazikitsidwa. Chinayamba asilikali ndale blocs, amene kenako anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, zochitika zazikulu zomwe zinachitika kutsogolo Soviet-German.

Atamaliza maphunziro ake Ulaya wakhala ankamasulira kwa msasa capitalist potsutsa Soviet Union. Pali zinalengedwa mabungwe lalikulu ndale monga NATO ndi Western Union European zotsutsana ndi Warsaw ke.

mayiko a azungu European lero

Pakuti mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya yovomerezeka m'mayiko 11: Belgium, Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Netherlands, Switzerland, France. Komabe, pa zifukwa za ndale mu mndandanda zimenezi mulinso Finland, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece.

Mu XXI m'ma kumtunda anapitiriza azimuth kwa kusakanikirana andale ndi azachuma. European Union, m'dera Schengen zimathandiza kuti kugwirizana kwa limati zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, masiku ano pali zolinga centrifugal angapo a limati amene ndikufuna kutsata mfundo palokha, kaya chigamulo cha European Union. The chochitika yamasika limasonyeza ambiri zotsutsana kwambiri mu zone yuro, amene amakula ndi njira kusamuka amene walimbikitsa zisakuyenda bwino.