Solovetsky chilumbachi ndi zokonda zake. Momwe ku zilumba Solovetsky, zimene kuwona

Solovetsky Islands ndi malo apadera. Pa zilumba yaing'ono White Nyanja zachitika wapadera zachilengedwe, mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe zovuta, palibe analogues mu dziko. Yaikulu komanso wolemera chidwi ndi chilumba cha Solovki, limene kwa zaka ukugwira wotchuka Solovetsky obisika.

chikhalidwe

zilumba anaonekera zaka 9,000 zapitazo limodzi la magawo a mapangidwe Nyanja White, komwe pambuyo limatsogolera madzi oundana lalikulu zinachitika compensatory kulimbikitsa nthaka. 2/3 la zilumba m'dera lonse ali Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Archipelago ili mu zone nayonso. Kwambiri kwabasi ndi malo osiyanasiyana a pachilumbachi: mapiri mkulu anagwetsa nyanja, maluwa meadows - m'madambo. 70% ya m'deralo ndi nkhalango, makamaka spruce ndi paini. Za 5% ya m'dera imagwera pa Titafika pamalo maofesi. Youma voronichnye Titafika pamalo lililonse kwa zone m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumene kenako gulu krivostvolnyh birch (birch kumulowetsa). M'chigawo chapakati cha chilumba m'malo yodula ndi moto zimachitika birch ndi nkhalango Aspen. Madambo pa gombe ndi pakati pa chisumbu wotanganidwa ndi 0.1-0.2% ya malo okwana ndi yodziwika ndi chuma mitundu zikuchokera dambo zomera. 15% mwa zilumba amapanga chithaphwi ndi predominance cha zomwe zili ndi mitundu Transitional. Chotero osiyanasiyana mitunda, zokambidwa malo pafupifupi 300 makilomita lalikulu, ndi chimodzi mwa zochititsa chidwi mbali achilengedwe a zilumba Solovetsky.

Pa zilumba pali oposa 550 nyanja. Iwo zosiyanasiyana kukula, mawonekedwe, chiyambi, mtundu wa madzi, koma onse wowoneka bwino kwambiri.

Kodi Islands Solovetsky

Solovetsky zilumba wopangidwa mwa zilumba akuluakulu sikisi ndipo oposa mazana yaing'ono ili mbali ya kumadzulo ya White Nyanja 290 Km kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa mzinda wa Arkhangelsk, pakati pa dera Arkhangelsk. Malo okwana zilumba ndi makilomita 300 lalikulu. Iwo ndi zilumba ngati:

• Solovetsky (Solovetsky Large) - 218,72 makilomita lalikulu;
• Anzersky - 47,11 km²;
• Ambiri Muksalma - 18,96 km²;
• Osaya Muksalma - 1.2 makilomita lalikulu;
• Big 3ayatsky - 1,25 makilomita lalikulu;
• Small Zayatsky - 1.1 km².

nkhani

Mbiri ya Islands Solovetsky limayamba ndi chitukuko cha munthu malemu Mesolithic. The III Zakachikwi BC alenje nyanja ndi asodzi anapeza Solovetsky Islands ndipo anayamba kukula, chimene chinafika mpaka Zapakati. Solovki anapeza kuda zambiri za ntchito zachuma-yothandiza ndi achipembedzo: midzi oposa 20 m'ndende ndi zokambirana, malo anayi osakaniza ndi malo wakale, zambiri labyrinths mwala umodzi, zikwi zakale.

anthu wosazindikira wa Solovki chinkhoswe nyama yeniyeni kusaka m'madzi komanso chilumba nyanja ndi nkhalango masewera, nsomba, ndi okolola m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kupanga zida mwala. M'munda wa malo zosonkhanitsira ankagwidwa mivi, javelins nyama nkhwangwa, mwala anangula ziwiya zadothi, wapadera wodziwika bwino pobowola nkhwangwa ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Anthu akale a chilumbachi ankachita yomanga labyrinths mwala, amene anamanga nyumba yopatulika.

M'munsi Stauropegial Solovetsky ansembe yotchedwa

Solovetsky chilumba anakhala malo obisika anakhazikitsidwa mu 30s wa atumwi XV anachokera Cyril wa Belozersk ndi Valaam ansembe yotchedwa Chimonko Savvatii, Germany ndi Zosima monga malo a "Mpulumutsi ndi Chudotvortsa Nikolaya". M'zaka XV-XVI. obisika pang'onopang'ono anakula, pakulowa mu cholowa chake zilumba lalikulu la chilumbachi.

Pakutha pa XV atumwi ndi ansembe zinamangidwa mipingo atatu amitengo: Akukwera, St. Nicholas ndi Chiwalitsiro, ambiri matabwa maselo outbuildings, unazunguliridwa ndi mpanda matabwa.

Chitetezo chauzimu cha Russian North

Pakati ya agulupa XVI m'ma lifike nthawi ya kusintha aakulu azachuma kugwirizana ndi dzina la Abbot Philip (Kolycheva), wokonzanso, wamanga, amphamvu ndi luso zachuma. Apa mu 1550-1560-ntchentche anawatengera mwa msewu, koma chisumbu linakhazikitsidwa ndi B. Muksalma "mkaka pabwalo" ndi gwape ndi ng'ombe. Pofuna kupereka anthu agulupa madzi 52 zilumba Nyanja Solovetsky chikugwirizana njira kumwa. Chokaniora mu 1582-1594 gg. Iwo anamangidwira linga la miyala ndi nsanja ndipo zipata. Annunciation (Gate) Church inamangidwa 1596-1600 gg.

M'zaka za m'ma XVII Solovetsky obisika akupitiriza kupangidwa monga la boma, zachuma, uzimu, nkhondo, malo ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe cha White Sea. Mu zaka XVIII-XX. Iye anali mmodzi wa malo a ukapolo ndi kumangidwa zigawenga ndale.

nyengo Soviet

Pambuyo ulimi mu 1917 anayamba kupanga Russia latsopano. Solovetsky Islands unasiya kukhala pakati wauzimu ndi obisika kwa linathetsedwa. Mu April 1920, Arkhangelsk akuzigawo Commission anayambitsa nationalization ya chuma cha obisika a. Unapangidwa bungwe ndi Ofesi ya zilumba Solovki, ndipo nthawi yomweyo bungwe munda "Solovki" omwe analiko mpaka 1923. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa munda sikutanthauza kuwonongedwa kwa monasticism. 200 Chimonko anali ogwira ntchito wamba, unapangidwa bungwe ndi anthu achipembedzo, amene zochitika loyang'aniridwa ndi Ofesi ya Solovki zilumba.

The Gulag zilumba

Kuyambira mu 1923 mpaka 1939 pachilumbachi ndi nyumba yonse ya agulupa kale Solovetsky wotanganidwa Solovki msasa wandende NKVD (njovu). Gulu pamaziko a Kholmogory, Pertominskogo ndi Arkhangelsk, Solovki msasa anali mmodzi wa waukulu mu Russia. The zikuchokera akaidi mu SLON anasintha pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Ena mwa iwo anali oimira apamwamba Russian, mpingo, aluntha chisanadze chosintha zipani zandale, umbanda amene akhala ndi mlandu wa zochitika m'banja, oimira zipani dziko ndi ena ambiri.

Mwa akapolowo kutchulidwa asayansi njovu ndi amisiri, olemba, olemba ndakatulo, atsogoleri achipembedzo Russia: pulofesa luso mbiri AE Anisimov, mbiri ID Antsiferov zatsopano BA Artemyev, Professor SA Askol'dov mbiri BB Bakhtin, chithunzicho IE Braz, mbadwa ya Decembrists AB Bobrishchev-Dushkin, ndakatulo MN Khwangwala, ethnographer NN Vinogradov, wolemba 0.B. Bolkiah, mbiri Herman Gordon, wolemba ndakatulo AK Gorsky, academician DS Likhachev, wansembe, katswiri ndi lotanthauzira mawu DA Florensky ndi ena.

Zowoneka za mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe zovuta

Chikhalidwe ndi Yakale gulu loyimba wa Islands Solovetsky - zosowa, wapadera kukhulupirika ndi chokwanira cha kupulumuka ensembles m'menemo ndi maofesi, malo a misonkhano, nyumba, chitetezo, chuma, matamanda a madzi, misewu ndi ulimi wothirira kachitidwe akale, komanso akatswiri a zinthu zakale, zipilala kuwalitsa wakale ndi akale domonastyrskuyu chilumba chikhalidwe. Iwo anaikira mu madera osiyana a zilumba zikuluzikulu za chilumbachi, koma mwachirengedwe ndi mbiri cholukanalukana, ndiwo umodzi, indivisible lonse. zigawo zake osiyana M'mbiri yonse ya chilumbachi ndi lonse Russian North.

Mbali constituent za mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe zovuta Solovetsky zilumba ndi:

• Agulupa yotchedwa XV-XX zaka zambiri, A wakale kumene kumakhala Amonke kuthetsa XVI-XX zaka zambiri, mchitidwe umenewu ndi zipululu XVI-XX zaka zambiri...
• Kukolola kanyumba chilumba hayidiroliki ndi ulimi wothirira kachitidwe;
• Maofesi "kachisiyo magalimoto» III-I zaka BC B. Zayatsky Anzersky ndi zilumba;
• chikumbutso nyumba Magulu Ntchito Solovetsky m'misasa 1923-1939 gg. m'mudzi pamalowa fakitale njerwa;
• Natural mitunda.

Center wa mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe zovuta kwa chilumbachi ndi Solovetsky obisika - ndi kwathunthu wapadera kamangidwe gulu loyimba. yomanga ake ndi chidwi yaikulu, wowala munthu khalidwe la maofesi ambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo kukhulupirika kwa ziwalo zanga zonse.

zokopa zina

M'mabwinja ndi mapulani zipilala, malo mbiri ndi zinthu zodabwitsa amadziwika lonse la Islands Solovetsky. Zowoneka woyenera mwapadera ili zilumba zotsatirazi:

• Anzersky: Utatu obisika (a XVII), Utatu Church (1880-1884), Gologota-Kupachikidwa Skete (XIX).
• Big Zayatsky: Zayatsky (St. Andrew) obisika (a XVI), chinthu changati chimwalacho Harbor, Stone Harbor (a XVI), Mpingo wa St. Andrew.
• Ambiri Muksalma: Sergiev hermitage (XVI), chinthu changati chimwalacho damu, kulumikiza Muksalma zikuluzikulu Solovetsky Island (XIX).

Flora

Labyrinths Solovetsky Islands mumakhala mitundu 500 ya zomera. Pakati lachilengedwe Kupititsa maofesi Island ali malo a zatsala pang'ono kutha komanso yosowa zomera. phunzira kwao kusamala ndi kuwongola asayansi zinakhalira. Kufika pa chisumbu, muyenera kusamalira zomera m'dera Ndipotu chinang'ambika maluwa kungachitike kukhala mitundu osowa. Akufunikira ankatetezedwa zotsatirazi zomera: Rhodiola rosea, Daphne wamba, Platanthera bifolia, Orchis mabanga, Dryopteris wamwamuna, yotakata-Ndalankhula orchis, Siberia paini, girchovnik kumpoto, lauzeleuriya recumbent, mpiru ndi zina Arctic nyanja.

madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya White Nyanja - mmodzi wa olemera ndi asonyeza Algoflora dziwe m'dera (pamene pali mitundu 160 algae benthic).

zomera

The zomera za pachilumbachi mwa mphamvu ya chakudya cha Solovki zilumba ndi kumpoto malo sasiyana zosiyanasiyana kwambiri nyama. Awiri a mtundu wawo anawonekera kuno zikomo munthu. mphalapala ichi, anabweretsa kwa chilumbachi m'ma XVI, ndi muskrat, amene anaonekera pano mu 1920s ndi.

Watanthauzo chiwerengero cha mitundu ya avifauna a zilumba. Birds pa Solovki analembedwa zaka pafupifupi 200 mitundu. Pakati pawo pali "Red Book" woyera-tailed mphungu, osprey, wamba shelduck, mapeto akufa. Chidwi chapadera ndi imodzi ya ku Ulaya madera waukulu wa tern Arctic ndi Russia lonse njuchi a gulls broody. The zosiyanasiyana wamkulu mitundu allocated Solovetsky Island.

Nyama zamoyo madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya ringed chisindikizo wamba, beluga chinsomba, bearded ndi zeze zisindikizo. Pa gombe la chilumba cha Anzer kusasitsa anaona unyinji wa pinnipeds ndi mbali ya kumadzulo ya Big Solovetsky Island wosakanikirana gulu la anamgumi woyera kwa anthu mazana angapo.

ecotourism

The zilumba ndi chidwi kwambiri anthu amene amakonda zinthu zachilengedwe. Osati kwa kuyendera wotchuka obisika la alendo kubwera ku zilumba Solovetsky. Nature zokopa komanso kuchilingalira. N'zosadabwitsa malo osiyanasiyana kulola m'dera yaying'ono kuyendayenda m'nkhalango, kusangalala kukongola kwa madambo wobiriwira ndi nyanja, kusunga zinyama.

Wapadera kumalo a chilumbachi. Wokongola, ndi zilumba zambiri yaing'ono Long Bay thupi wapadera wa madzi, umene anthu mitundu relict Arctic wa invertebrates, woimira topezeka pafupifupi chatsekedwa. Wokongola Utatu Bay, pafupifupi theka dissecans Anzersky chilumba.

Chikhalidwe cha zilumba Solovetsky n'kopindulitsa kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse, chifukwa izo zimanyezimiritsa zofunika nthawi pambuyo glacial za mbiri Geological wa North, mbiri ya mogwirizana anthu zikuphatikizapo malo zidzasintha ndipo ndi malo kwa mitundu chosowa cha mbalame ndi madera akuluakulu mbalame. Anthu chidwi pa chikhalidwe mayi, izo kwambiri analimbikitsa kukaona Islands Solovetsky.

Momwe kuti Solovki yozizira

malangizo a njira zimadalira vagaries a nyengo ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, gululi ndi operewera kwambiri, pali mwachizolowezi alendo pachilumbacho ndi yekhayo ndi mpweya Arkhangelsk:

• ndege ndege "Air Nord" (AN-24) zouluka kuchokera «Talagi» ndege pa Lachiwiri ndi Lamlungu. ndege nthawi - mphindi 45.
• Ku ndege "Vaskovo" Lachisanu kampani umagwira flights "2 AOAO" (L-410).

Momwe kuti chisumbucho m'chilimwe

Ndi bwino nyengo chiwerengero cha options kukaona Solovetsky Islands ukuwonjezeka kwambiri. Kodi kufika zilumba mu kasupe ndi autumn tione. Kuwonjezera ndege kuchokera Arkhangelsk, lotseguka ndi njira ya Karelia pa nthawi ino.

Ochokera mzigawo kupita Arkhangelsk analimbikitsa ndi ndege kapena sitima. Galimoto misewu pawokha umavuta. Monga m'nyengo yozizira, kuti Solovki, ndipo mukhoza kupeza mpweya. Flights ku «Talagi» ndege (NordAvia) ikuchitika pa Lachiwiri, Loweruka ndi Lamlungu. Kuchokera "Vaskovo" (2 AOAO) - Lolemba, Lachitatu, Lachisanu ndi Loweruka.

Kwambiri chikondi njira - ndi kuti maboti pa Islands Solovetsky m'tauni Karelian ya Belomorsk ndi Kem. M'madera a Moscow ndi St. Petersburg mumzinda akhoza anafika pa sitima Murmansk. Ku doko Rabocheostrovsk (Kem) zombo kupalasa tsiku Solovki "Mkuntho" ndi "Vasiliy Kosyakov". sitimayo "safiro" akupita ku Belomorsk. zilumba komanso zimadutsa "matakisi mtsinje" - mabwato ang'onoang'ono omwe amwendamnjira ndi alendo payekha. Ndege ndi maboti kutenga okwera ku chisumbu chachikulu - Solovetsky.