Space kufufuza: history, mavuto ndi kupambana

Posachedwapa, anthu walowa lachitatu Zakachikwi. Kodi n'chiyani chidzachitikire m'tsogolo? Pali mavuto ambiri amene amafuna kusankha kumangako. Malinga ndi odziŵa za asayansi, mu 2050 anthu onse padziko lapansi lidzafika biliyoni 11 pabanjapo. Man. Ndipo kuwonjezeka 94% adzakhala m'mayiko osauka% 6 okha m'mayiko otukuka. Komanso, asayansi m'mbuyo ukalamba, amene kwambiri kumawonjezera utali wamoyo.

Zimenezi zimabweretsa vuto watsopano - kusowa kwa chakudya. Pa nthawi, pafupifupi hafu biliyoni anthu njala. Pachifukwa ichi, amafa chaka pafupifupi mamiliyoni 50. Kudyetsa biliyoni 11 kuonetsetsa kuti 10 khola kupanga kuwonjezeka chakudya. Komanso, mphamvu chofunika pa moyo wa anthu onsewa. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka mu mafuta ndi zipangizo m'zigawo. Kodi dzikoli kuchirikiza katundu?

Ndipo musaiwale za kuipitsidwa kwa malo okhala. Ndi kuwonjezeka mlingo wa ulimi sikuti zatha chuma, komanso kusintha nyengo lathuli. Cars, zomera mphamvu, mafakitale zimatulutsa ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa kuti zotsatira kutentha sali kutali. Ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha Padziko Lapansi amayamba kusungunuka oundana ndi kukwera kwa madzi madzi m'nyanja. Zonsezi mu zimakhudza kwambiri chowawa pa moyo wa munthu. Mwina m'mavuto.

mavuto amenewa angathandize kuthetsa malo kufufuza. Ganizani za zimenezi. Pali angachititse zomera kufufuza Mars, Mwezi, kusonkhanitsa chuma ndi mphamvu. Ndipo zonse zikhala monga mwa mafilimu ndi pa masamba a yopeka.

Mphamvu Space

Panopa 90% mphamvu zonse lapadziko analandira ndi moto mafuta mu ng'anjo kunyumba, injini magalimoto ndi boilers zomera mphamvu. Pakatha zaka 20, kumwa mphamvu kawiri. Kodi ndalama zokwanira zachilengedwe kukumana ndi zosowa zathu?

Mwachitsanzo, mafuta omwewo? Malinga ndi odziŵa za asayansi, idzathetsa patapita zaka zambiri, kuchuluka ali mbiri ya kufufuza malo, kuti ali 50. Malasha lidzakhalapo kwa zaka 100, ndipo mpweya ndi za 40. Mwa njira, mphamvu za nyukiliya anafotokozanso kuti magwero exhaustible.

Theoretically zina vuto kafukufuku mphamvu wakhala anakonza 30 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, pamene anatulukira zimene maphatikizidwe nyukiliya. Mwatsoka, komabe ankakwiya kwambiri. Koma ngakhale tingaphunzire kulamulira ndi kupeza mphamvu zedi malire, izo zidzapangitsa kuti kutenthedwa a dziko ndi kusintha kwa nyengo sizingasinthe. Kodi pali njira yotulukira imeneyi?

makampani atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena

Kumene, danga ili kufufuza. Muyenera kupita, "awiri azithunzi omwe tikunena" makampani, "atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena". Kuti, mphamvu-tima onse opanga kufunika inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku dziko lapansili mu mlengalenga. Koma pakadali kuti izo chuma yotheka. Mtengo wa mphamvu izi zidzafika nthawi 200 kuposa magetsi opangidwa ndi kutentha pa Dziko Lapansi. Plus yaikulu ndalama kulowetsedwa Pakufunika yomanga okwerera lalikulu danga. Ambiri, inu kudikira mpaka anthu azitenga zotsatirazi osiyanasiyana malo pamene zipangizo adzakhala bwino ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zomangira.

dzuwa chipinda

M'mbiri yonse ya anthu padzikoli anasangalala dzuwa. Komabe, kufunika kwake si masana. anafunikira usiku yaitali: kuunikira nyumba, misewu, minda pa ntchito ya zaulimi (kufesa, kukolola), etc. Ndipo kumpoto dzuwa sizimawoneka m'chizimezime kwa miyezi sikisi. Kodi n'zotheka kuonjezera maola masana? Kodi zinthu chilengedwe cha dzuwa yokumba? Today zotsogola pa zokambiranazi danga amapanga ntchito iyi ndithu chopindulitsa. Wokwanira kuika mu kanjira ndi dziko abwino chida kwa chinyezimiro cha kuwala Padziko Lapansi. Pankhaniyi, kukula zikhoza kusintha.

Amene anatulukira imaonetsa?

Tikhoza kunena kuti mbiri ya kufufuza malo inayamba mu Germany ndi lingaliro la kulenga amasonyeza zakuthambo, bungwe German injiniya Hermann Oberth mu 1929. chitukuko zina inachokera ku ntchito ya sayansi Eric Kraft ya US. Tsopano Achimereka ali pafupi kuposa kale kuti kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi.

Amapanga, ndi imaonetsa ndi chimango chimene lidakali polymeric metallized film, kuwalitsa kutentha kwa dzuwa. Malangizo a kamwazi wowala idzachitike mwina lamulo Dziko Lapansi, kapena basi, malinga ndi pulogalamu chisanadze mwasankha.

Kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi

US patsogolo kwambiri kufufuza a malo ndipo amayandikira kwambiri ntchitoyi. Tsopano, akatswiri America akuyendayenda kuthekera kuwayika mu kanjira wa nthambi kukhala. Iwo adzakhala mwachindunji pa North America. 16 kupatula imaonetsa kalirole adzapatsa masana maola 2. amasonyeza awiri mukukonzekera kutumiza ku Alaska, momwe kuonjezera maola masana ndi mochuluka monga 3:00. Ngati inu ntchito kachipangizo-amasonyeza kuti kutambasuka kwa tsiku m'mizinda ikuluikulu, izo iwo amapereka ndi mkulu khalidwe ndi shadowless kuyatsa kwa misewu, misewu, nyumba, zomwe ndithudi n'kopindulitsa kwa mfundo chuma view.

Amasonyeza mu Russia

Mwachitsanzo, ngati chikuto cha malo a mizinda isanu ya kukula ofanana Moscow, chifukwa cha mtengo wa ndalama magetsi kulipira pafupifupi 4-5 zaka. Komanso, kachitidwe-imaonetsa makina popanda ndalama zoonjezera mukhoza kusinthana kwa gulu lina la mizinda. Kodi kuyeretsa mpweya, ngati mphamvu adzafika osati kwa mphamvu wautsi, koma mlengalenga! Vuto okha kukwaniritsidwa polojekitiyi m'dziko lathu - ndi chosowa ndalama. Choncho, kukula kwa malo Russian akubwera si mofulumira ngati tikufuna.

zomera zakuthambo

Izo zakhala zaka 300 kuyambira atulukira E. Torricelli kuyamwa. Iwo zatenganso mbali yaikulu mu chitukuko cha sayansi. Ndipotu popanda kumvetsetsa zinthu zakuthambo zingalowe izo zikanakhala zosatheka kuti alenge zamagetsi kapena injini kuyaka mkati. Koma zonse izi ndi za makampani m'dzikoli. N'zovuta kulingalira mwayi kodi zingalowe m'malo mwa Zikatero, monga kufufuza malo. Bwanji kubweretsa Way kutumikira anthu, kumanga mafakitale kumeneko? Iwo adzakhala ngati zosiyana kwathunthu, mu zingalowe m'malo ndi otsika-kutentha, magwero mkulu-mphamvu cheza dzuwa, ndi weightlessness.

Tsopano n'zovuta kuzindikira ubwino izi ndi zinthu zina, koma tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti ali basi chiyembekezo wosangalatsa ndi mutu wa "Development kudzera kumanga malo mlendo zomera" wayamba zogwirizana kwambiri kuposa kale. Ngati kuwala dzuwa anaikira ndi galasi parabolic, kuti akhoza welded mbali zopangidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo titaniyamu, zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo ndi ena. Pamene kusungunuka zitsulo m'mikhalidwe lapadziko amagwa zosafunika. njira A kunadetsa zofunika ultrapure zipangizo. Momwe iwo? Mukhoza "popachika" chitsulo m'munda maginito. Ngati misa zazing'ono, ndiye munda lino lapansi adzausungira. zitsulo akhoza anasungunuka ndi kudutsa therethrough mkulu pafupipafupi panopa.

Mu microgravity zipangizo angathe kusungunula chinthu chilichonse ndi kukula. Ife sitikusowa palibe mtundu kapena crucibles kwa kuponyera. Palinso kulibe umapezeka wotsatira ndi kupukuta. A zipangizo limatsogolera adzakhala kapena ochiritsira kapena dzuwa ovens. Zingalowe m'malo angathe kuchitidwa "kuwotcherera ozizira": zabwino anavula ndi zokuzira pamodzi zitsulo pamalo kupanga mankhwala khola kwambiri.

Zinthu zakuthambo angathe kuchitidwa popanda lalikulu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi timibulu zopindika kuti kuchepetsa ubwino wa tchipisi anapanga kwa iwo ndi zipangizo. Chifukwa weightlessness ndi zingalowe tingawadziwe makhiristo ndi katundu kufunika.

Kuyesa kukhazikitsa maganizo

Njira yoyamba kukhazikitsa mfundo izi zapangidwa mu 80s, pamene danga kufufuza mu USSR anali pachimake. Mu 1985, akatswiri anapezerapo kachipangizo mu kanjira. Patapita milungu iwiri, iye adzabwerera ku zitsanzo Earth zipangizo. imalankhula oterewa chochitika pachaka.

Mu chaka chomwecho polojekiti "Technology" anayamba kupanga mu "Patsani" NGO. Anakonza yomanga danga galimoto kulemera matani 20 ndi kulemera matani 100 a zomera. chipangizo umaperekedwa ndi makapisozi ballistic, amene ayenera tapangidwa kupulumutsa katundu Padziko Lapansi. polojekiti sanathenso kuona. Mungafunse kuti: chifukwa? Ichi ndi muyezo vuto osiyanasiyana malo - chosowa ndalama. Ndi zogwirizana mu nthawi yathu.

midzi danga

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 anadza wosangalatsa nkhani K. E. Tsiolkovskogo "Beyond Lapansi". Mu izo, akulongosola woyamba galactic midzi. Panopa, pamene pali zikayenda zina kufufuza malo, n'zotheka nyamulani kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi wosangalatsa.

Mu 1974, katswiri wa sayansi pa Princeton University Gerard O'Neill anayamba kupanga ndi lofalitsidwa ndi ntchito ya kulamulira kwa mlalang'ambawu. Iye akufuna kuika mu malo madera libration mfundo (kumene mphamvu ya kukopa kwa dzuwa, mwezi ndi Earth azilipira mnzake). matauni amenewa nthawi zonse adzakhala malo amodzi.

O ^'Neil ananena kuti 2074 anthu ambiri kudzalimbikitsa mu mlengalenga ndi zakudya ndi mphamvu chuma malire. Dzikoli lidzakhala paki yaikulu, free malonda, kumene mungathere tchuthi chanu.

Model Colony O ^'Neal

Mtendere danga kufufuza Professor akumufunsira kuyamba ndi pomanga chitsanzo utali wozungulira 100-mita. Mu nyumba ino akhoza malo ogona anthu 10 sauzande. Ntchito yaikulu ya midzi - pomanga chitsanzo lotsatira, amene ayenera kukhala nthawi 10 wamkulu. Awiri a njuchi lotsatira kuchuluka kwa 6-7 Km, ndi kutalika kwambiri chifukwa ndi 20.

Mu asayansi padziko polojekiti O ^'Neal akadali yomangika mtsutso. Mu ankawalamulira, anthu kachulukidwe amapatsidwa kwa iwo ndi pafupi zofanana ndi m'mizinda ya dziko lapansi. Ndipo ichi si kwambiri! Makamaka tikaganizira kuti pa mlungu sipangakhale kutuluka kwa mzinda. m'mapaki kutseka anthu ochepa kwambiri akufuna kumasuka. Izi sangathe kulinganizidwa ndi zikhalidwe za moyo padziko lapansi. Ndipo mu malo awa sachoka ndi zinthu anali ndi ngakhale maganizo ndi kupisa kusintha malo? Kodi anthu akufuna kudzakhala? Kodi si malo midzi mipando kufalitsa masoka padziko lonse ndiponso nkhondo? Mafunso onse awa lotsegukabe.

Pomaliza

Mu kuya kwa dongosolo la zowalitsa kuwonjezekeredwa ambiri zakuthupi ndi mphamvu zogwirira ntchito. Choncho, kukula kwa malo aumunthu tsopano n'kofunika. Ndipotu, ngati bwino, chuma analandira adzatumikira anthu.

Ngakhale malo kufufuza ndi kutenga njira yake yoyamba umenewu. Tikhoza kunena kuti iwo ukupita mwana, koma nthawi amakhala wamkulu. The vuto lalikulu osiyanasiyana malo - si kupanda nzeru, koma chosowa ndalama. Amafuna yaikulu chuma. Koma ngati mukuziyenereza iwo ndi ndalama za zida, kuchuluka si choncho chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa ndalama dziko asilikali ndi 50% chimathandiza zaka zochepa kupita Maulendo Mars atatu.

Masiku ano, anthu ali zinapatsira ndi lingaliro la mgwirizano wa dziko ndi kubwerezanso zofunika pa chitukuko. danga A adzakhala chizindikiro cha mgwirizano. Ndi bwino kumanga zomera pa Mars ndi Moon, kubweretsa ubwino izi kwa anthu onse, zomwe kwambiri kumawonjezera kale otupa lonse mphamvu nyukiliya. Pali anthu amene amati malo kufufuza akhoza kudikira. Kawirikawiri asayansi kuwayankha motere: "Inde chitha, chifukwa chilengedwe silidzatha, ndipo apa ife tiri, mwatsoka, palibe."