Sparta - izi ndi ... Mbiri ya Sparta. Ankhondo a Sparta. Sparta - Rise la Ufumu wa Roma

Mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa waukulu Greek chilumba - ndi Peloponnese - ndi Sparta kamodzi wamphamvu inali. boma ndi m'dera la Laconia, m'chigwa kwabasi kwa mtsinje Eurotas. Dzinali boma amatchulidwa mu mapangano mayiko - Sparta. Ndi boma unapita kwa mfundo monga "wovutika" ndi "wovutika". Aliyense wamva komanso za mwambo zoopsa zimene zachitika ku polis wakalewu: kupha ana ofooka kusunga dziwe jini ya mtunduwu.

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Mwalamulo, Sparta, imene inkatchedwa Sparta (kuchokera ku mawu linali dzina la Nome - Laconia), anayambitsa m'zaka khumi BC. Patapita nthawi m'dera lonse, amene makamu mzinda boma anali nkhondo mafuko Doric. Anthu anaphatikizana ndi Achaeans m'dera anakhala spartakiatami m'njira zina, lero, ndi anthu omwe ankakhala inasandutsidwa akapolo, lotchedwa helots.

Doric ambiri a mayiko onse amene kale Ancient Greece, Sparta, anali kumadzulo gombe la Eurotas, pa malo a Tauni ya makono ya dzina chomwecho. Dzinali akhoza kumasuliridwa ngati 'anabalalika ". Mpheroyi manors ndi anthu wotchuka amene anabalalika Laconia. pakati A linali phiri laling'ono, limene anadzatchedwa acropolis ndi. Poyamba, Sparta inalibe makoma, ndi adakhalabe woona mtima kwa mfundo imeneyi kwa zaka za m'ma chachiwiri BC.

Dongosolo boma la Sparta

Pa mtima wake unali mfundo za umodzi wa anthu onse ndi mfundo ufulu wonse. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, boma ndiponso ufulu wa Sparta moyo mosamalitsa regimented ndi moyo wa anthu ake, atagwira stratification awo. Ndizosowa ngati dongosolo chikhalidwe anaikidwa pansi ndi mgwirizano wa lodziwika bwino Lycurgus. Malinga ndi iye, ntchito ya Sparta anali masewera kapena masewera a karati, ndi zamanja, ulimi ndi malonda anali ntchito ya helots ndi periekov.

Chifukwa cha ntchito anakhazikitsa Lycurgus, kusandulika spartiatskuyu demokalase asilikali oligarchic mu slaveholding Republic, yomwe mu nkhani iyi ndi nachobe zizindikiro za dongosolo la fuko. Pali sankandilola umwini patokha m'dziko limene unagawidwa mbali ofanana, amene ankaona chuma ammudzi ndi silingagulitsidwe. Akapolo helots komanso mbiri yakale amakhulupirira, a boma, osati nzika wolemera.

Sparta - izi ndi limodzi mwa mayiko angapo, kutsogozedwa ndi nthawi yomweyo kunali awiri a mfumu, amene anali kutchedwa arhagetami. mphamvu zawo zinali cholowa. Mphamvu wogwidwa ndi aliyense mfumu ya Sparta, anali kusanduka osati gulu lankhondo lamphamvu, komanso gulu la nsembe, komanso kutenga nawo mbali pa bungwe la akulu.

Last anaitana Gerus ndi inkakhala awiri arhagetov ndi twente eyiti Gerontopsychiatry. Akulu osankhidwa ndi National Assembly wa moyo kuchokera otchuka wovutika, anafika zaka makumi asanu. Gerousia ku Sparta anachita boma ena ntchito thupi. Iye anakonza mafunso ofunikira kukamba pamisonkhano anthu, komanso mfundo mwachindunji yachilendo. Komanso, bungwe la akulu kuganizira waswa malamulo, komanso analakwira boma, umalimbana Inter zina zotere, ndi arhagetov.

khoti

Kuthi malamulo ndiponso ufulu Sparta wakale okhudza ephors bolodi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba thupi ili anaonekera mu zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC. Mpheroyi asanu nzika woyenera boma, kumene msonkhano dziko osankhidwa kwa chaka chimodzi. Poyamba, mphamvu za ephors anali okha Kuthi katundu mikangano. Koma m'zaka za m'ma chimodzi BC, mphamvu ndi ulamuliro awo kukula. Pang'ono iwo anayamba aithamangitse Gerus. Ephors anapatsidwa ufulu lachiweruzo khamu dziko ndi Gerousia, kusintha mfundo yachilendo kuchita kasamalidwe mkati Sparta ndi Kuthi ake. thupi ili wakhala zofunika kuti chikhalidwe cha deralo, kuti zakezo ndi kulamulira boma, kuphatikizapo arhageta.

khamu anthu

Sparta - ndi chitsanzo cha zimene zimachitika lolemera. Pofuna kubisa anthu wokakamiza, amene oimira ankatchedwa helots, chongopeka titalephera chitukuko cha chuma payekha, kusunga kufanana pakati pa Sparta okha.

Apella, kapena Assembly anthu, mu Sparta kudziika passivity. Ufulu kutenga nawo mbali mu thupi ili anangokhala nzika zonse mwamuna amene anakwanitsa zaka makumi atatu. Poyamba, khamu dziko msonkhano arhaget, koma kenako kuwatsogolera ndi kunditumiza ku gulu la ephors. Apella sanathe kambiranani mafunso atapereka yekha kukana kapena kuvomereza njira ake akufuna. Kuvota mamembala a khamu dziko wosazindikira kwambiri: kufuula kapena mamembala kugawikana pa zomenyanazo, ndiyeno pa diso ndi ambiri wotsimikiza.

anthu

Anthu a boma Lacedaemonian anali nthawi zonse wosiyana kalasi. Zimenezi analenga dongosolo chikhalidwe cha Sparta, zimene zinaphatikizapo magulu atatu: osankhika periekov - okhala ufulu wa midzi yapafupi alibe ufulu kuti azivota, komanso akapolo boma - helots.

The Sparta, amene anali mu zinthu mwayi, chinkhoswe yekha mu nkhondo. Iwo anali kutali malonda, ntchito zamanja, ulimi, izo zinali zabwino monga kumanzere kwa chifundo periekam. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zigawo osankhika Sparta anachitira Helots, amene watha lendi ku boma. Pa heyday ya boma otchuka anali kasanu zosakwana periekov ndi khumi - helots.

History of Sparta

nthawi zonse za kukhalapo kwa mmodzi wa mayiko ambiri akale akhoza kugawidwa mu mbiri isanayambe, wakale, chakale, Agiriki ndi Aroma nthawi. Aliyense wa iwo anasiya chizindikiro chake osati mapangidwe boma wakale wa Sparta. Greece ali anabwereka kwambiri ku nkhani imeneyi kupanga lapansi.

Prehistory

Lacaune mayiko poyamba ankakhala Leleges, koma pambuyo adani a Dorians wa Peloponnese dera limeneli, lomwe wakhala ankaona kwambiri wosabereka ndi zambiri zazing'ono, chifukwa cha chinyengo anapita awiri ana aang'ono wa lodziwika bwino mfumu Aristodemus - Evrisfenu ndi wotembereredwa.

Posakhalitsa anakhala mudzi waukulu wa dongosolo Lacedaemon Sparta limene kwa nthawi yaitali si kuima pakati mayiko ena Doric. Iye anali kulimbikira nkhondo kunja ndi m'mizinda yapafupi ya Argos ndi Arcadia. Kukwera kwambiri pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Lycurgus - drevnespartanskogo wopanga malamulo, amene wakale mbiri yakale pamodzi zimachitika dongosolo la ndale, ndiye chinayambira ku Sparta kwa zaka zingapo.

nyengo yakale yoyendera

Pambuyo mchigonjetso nkhondo wosatha ku 743 kwa 723 ndi kwa zaka 685 kwa 668. BC, Sparta anatha potsiriza akunde n'kuulanda Messenia. Chifukwa anthu ake akale akhala akumanidwa dziko lawo ndi inasanduka helots. zaka sikisi, Sparta anapambana pa mtengo wa khama wautali kwambiri ndi Arcadians, ndipo mu 660 BC. e. Tegea anakakamizika kuvomereza hegemony ake. Malinga ndi pangano lawo, kusungidwa pa akonzedwa yapafupi ya Alpheus mzati, iye inamchititsa kulowa mgwirizano asilikali. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Sparta mu maso a mitundu anabwera kuonedwa woyamba boma Greek.

History of Sparta panthawi imeneyi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu ake ayamba kuyesa napasula ankhanza, akutulukira ku chiwiri Zakachikwi BC. e. pafupifupi Greek limati. Kuti anathandiza Sparta kutulutsa Kipselidov ku Korinto, Peisistratus wa Athens, iwo chinathandiza kumasulidwa kwa Sicyon ndi Phocis, komanso zilumba zingapo mu Nyanja Aegean, motero kupeza limati osiyanasiyana mbali othokoza.

History of Sparta mu chi chakale

Mgwirizano ndi opatsidwa ndi Elis, ku Sparta anayamba kukopa kwa mbali, ndi midzi ina ya Laconia ndi madera ozungulira. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anapanga Peloponnesian mgwirizano hegemony umene unachitika pa Sparta. Inali nthawi zodabwitsa kwa iye, iye anasonyeza utsogoleri mu nkhondo, icho chinali chimake cha misonkhano ndipo misonkhano yonse ya Union, popanda kusokoneza ufulu wa limati munthu kukhala kudziyimira pawokha awo.

Sparta ndisanayesepo kugawira ulamuliro wawo mu Peloponnese, koma kumuopseza oopsa anakankhira limati ena onse kupatula Argos, pa Agiriki ndi Persian nkhondo kupita pansi zothandizira mipingo yawo ake. Kuthetsa ngozi mwachindunji, ku Sparta, pozindikira kuti sangathe kumenya nkhondo ndi Aperisiya kutali malire awo, sanatsutse pamene Athens anayamba zina malangizo ukulu mu nkhondo, Kulekezera chabe chilumba.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, tinayamba zizindikiro za mkangano pakati limati awiri awa, ndiye vylivsheesya Woyamba Peloponnesian nkhondo, imene inatha dziko zaka makumi atatu. Kulimbana osati athyola mphamvu za Athens, ndipo anakhazikitsa hegemony wa Sparta, komanso zinachititsa kuti ndizipeza mwapang'onopang'ono maziko ake - Lycurgus malamulo.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, m'chaka cha 397 pamaso yathu ino chinachitika Kinadona kugalukira, amene Komabe, si bwino. Komabe, patapita kulephera ena, makamaka zotupa mu Nkhondo ya Kinido kwa 394-mamita N. e, Sparta anasowa Asia Minor, koma anakhala woweruza ndi mkhalapakati pa zochitika Greek, motero kulungamitsa malamulo ake ufulu wa mayiko onse, ndi anatha kupereka kwa Championship mu mgwirizano ndi Persia. Only Thebes sanamvere zinthu ziletso, motero kumakana Sparta ubwino ngati manyazi kwa dziko.

Agiriki ndi Aroma nyengo

Kuyambira zaka izi, boma wakhala moti kutha. Losauka ndipo wolemedwa ndi mangawa a nzika, Sparta, dongosolo lomwe zinali zochokera malamulo a Lycurgus, ukhale mtundu kanthu za boma. mgwirizano ndi fokeyanami anali anamaliza. Ngakhale Sparta, ndi kuwabweza kuthandiza, koma sanali kupereka thandizo lenileni. Popeza Aleksandra Makedonskogo mfumu Agis kudzera pofuna tichotse goli Chimakedoniya anapanga Dariyo zichokera kwa ndalama. Koma sadalole mavuto mu nkhondo kwa mzinda wa anaphedwa. Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kutha ndi kukakhala mzimu banja, amene ali otchuka Sparta.

Rise la Ufumu wa Roma

Sparta - boma limene kwa zaka zitatu anali nsanje onse Greece wakale. Mu nthawi ya pakati pa chitatu ndi zaka chachisanu BC, zinali kudzikundikira mazana a midzi, kawirikawiri pa nkhondo wina ndi mzake. Mmodzi wa kanjedza fungulo kwa zikamera wa Sparta kukhala mkhalidwe wamphamvu ndi wolimba anakhala Lycurgus. Pamaso maonekedwe ake, iye sanali osiyana kwambiri kuchokera Greek mzinda-limati zina. Koma mkubwela kwa Lycurgus zinthu zasintha zinthu pa chitukuko cha luso la nkhondo anapatsidwa. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Sparta ndiponso anakhazikika losandulizika. Ndipo anali pa nyengo imeneyi heyday wake.

Kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC. e. Sparta anayamba kuchita nkhondo yogonjetsa, kugonjetsa akutiakuti wa anansi ake mu Peloponnese. Pambuyo mndandanda wa bwino ntchito asilikali Sparta anasamukira ku kukhazikitsa zikulumikizana zamtendere ndi adani ake amphamvu. Analowa mapangano angapo, Sparta anaima pa mutu wa Union wa Peloponnesian limati, ndi chimodzi mwa dongosolo wamphamvu kwambiri Greece wakale. Sparta chilengedwe cha mgwirizano umenewu ndi kutumikira kwa chinyezimiro cha ku Perisiya kuwukira.

State wa Sparta zinali chinsinsi mbiri yakale. Agiriki osati amalemekezedwa nzika, koma adawopa iwo. mtundu umodzi wa zishango zamkuwa ndi zobvala chofiira ankavala ankhondo a Sparta, analipira otsutsa kuthawa kukakamiza iwo kuti mudzipereke.

Adani okha, komanso kwa Agiriki sanali pamene asilikali, ngakhale zochepa bwanji, anaikidwa pambali pawo. Mafotokozedwe lophweka: ankhondo a Sparta anali wotchuka chifukwa invincibility. View phalanges awo chinachitika mu mkhalidwe mantha, ngakhale anzeru m'dzikoli. Ngakhale nkhondo mu masiku amenewo, panafika anthu ochepa okha ozimitsa Komabe, iwo konse inatenga nthawi yaitali.

Kuyambira kugwa kwa ufumu

Koma pachiyambi cha zana lachisanu BC. e. yaikulu kuwukira, anayesetsa kuchokera kummawa, chinali chiyambi cha kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya Sparta. Yaikulu Aperisiya, wakhala akuyesetsa kuwonjezera m'madera awo, adatuma khamu lalikulu kwa Greece. anthu mazana awiri zikwi anaima pa malire a Greece. Koma Ahelene, amene anali kuyang'anira ku Sparta, amalolera kusintha.

Leonid mfumu

Monga mwana wa Anaksandrida, mfumu ankachitira Agiadov mafumu. Pambuyo pa imfa ya akulu ake, ndi Klemen Dorieya Choyamba, gulu wakhala ankaganiza dzina la Leonid. Sparta mu zaka 480 pamaso yathu ino anali pa nkhondo ndi Perisiya. Ndipo dzina la Leonid kugwirizana ndi wosafa chintchito Sparta, Thermopylae Gorge pamene nkhondo kunachitika, anapita mpaka mu mbiri kwa zaka zambiri.

Zimenezi zinachitika mu 480 BC. e., pamene khamu la mfumu ya ku Perisiya Sasita anayesa kuti akathyole Ndime yopapatiza kuti zikugwirizana chapakati Greece ndi Thessaly. Pa mutu wa asilikali, kuphatikizapo Union, anali Mfumu Leonidas. Sparta pa nthawi yomwe inachitika malo apamwamba pakati pa mitundu wochezeka. Koma Sasita ntchito chinyengo Simunakondweretsedwe anayenda Thermopylae Gorge ndipo anayenda mu kumbuyo kwa Agiriki.

Sparta ankhondo

Kuphunzira izi, Leonid, amene anamenyera limodzi asilikali awo, kusungunuka kwa anagwirizana asilikali n'kuwauza kunyumba. Ndipo iye ndi ochepa asilikali, amene chiwerengero anali atatu okha zana, anaima njira makumi awiri masauzande gulu lankhondo la Perisiya. Thermopylae Gorge ndi njira kwa Agiriki. Mu nkhani ya kugonjetsedwa, iwo asakhalenso chapakati Greece, ndipo zotsatira zawo akanakhala losindikizidwa.

Patangotha masiku anayi, Aperisi sangakhoze kuswa Adani ndi zokhudza ang'onoang'ono. Zimphona wa Sparta kumenyana ngati mikango. Koma asilikali anali wosiyana.

ankhondo mopanda mantha Sparta anaphedwa aliyense. Pamodzi mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo ndipo mfumu yawo Leonidas, amene sanafune kutaya comrades.

Dzina la Leonid adatsikira ku mbiri. Mbiri, kuphatikizapo Herodotus, amene analemba kuti: "mafumu ambiri anafa kalekale kuiwalika. Koma Leonid amadziwika ulemu wonse. dzina lake nthawizonse adzakhala anakumbukira Sparta, Greece. Osati chifukwa anali mfumu, koma chifukwa lisanathe udindo wake ku dziko lake ndipo anafa ngwazi. nkhani imeneyi pa moyo wa Agiriki amunamuna anajambula, mabuku olembedwa.

ft Sparta

Mfumu ya ku Perisiya Sasita, amene sanadzisiyira loto kugwila Hellas litalanda Greece mu 480, chaka pamaso pa kubadwa kwa Khristu. Panthawi imeneyi, Agiriki akugwira Olympic. The Sparta okonzeka kukondwerera Carney.

Onse awa tchuthi Greek anakakamizika kulemekeza osayanjanitsika wopatulika. Ndipo icho chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zikuluzikulu chifukwa mu Thermopylae Gorge Aperisiya anakaniza yekha asilikali ochepa.

Cha khamu lalikulu la Sasita akutsogolera detachment wa Sparta mazana atatu motsogozedwa ndi Mfumu Leonidas. Ankhondo anasankhidwa pamaziko akuti kaya iwo ndi ana. Pa njira asilikali Leonid anagwirizana ndi anthu zikwi tegeytsev, Arcadians ndi mantineytsev, komanso zana ndi makumi awiri - a Orchomenus. Korinto atuma anyankhondo anayi Phlius ndi Mycenae - mazana atatu.

Pamene si asilikali ambiri anadza kwa Thermopylae kanjira ndipo anaona nambala ya Aperisiya, asilikali ambiri anali ndi mantha ndipo anayamba kukambirana za mthunzi wa. Gawo la adani anadzipereka kuti asamukire ku chilumba kuti kusamala kamtunda kopita ku chilumba. Komabe, ena akhala chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa cha zochita zoterozo. Leonid, analamula asilikali kuti m'malo, iye anatumiza amithenga kwa mzinda wonse ndi kupempha kwa reinforcements, chifukwa iwo anali asilikali ochepa kwambiri bwinobwino amawateteza Aperisiya.

Pamene ambiri masiku anayi a Mfumu Sasita poganiza kuti Agiriki adathawa, sanayambe nkhondoyo. Koma powona kuti sizichitika, iye anatumiza iwo Amedi ndi Cassius ndi kuti achotse Leonid moyo ndipo mubwere naye. Anthu mwamsanga anaukira Agiriki. Aliyense Amedi alimbane zinatha zomvetsa chachikulu, koma malo a akugwa anabwera ena. Zinali ndiye kuti Sparta ndi Aperisiya zinadziwika kuti anthu ambiri Sasita, koma ankhondo ochepa pakati pawo. Nkhondoyi inatenga tsiku lonse.

M'mene adalandira atangokanidwa yokhala Amedi anakakamizika abwerere. Koma iwo anali m'malo ndi Aperisi, motsogoleredwa Gidarn. Sasita anawatcha "wosafa" kumuwombera ndi kuyembekezera kuti n'zosavuta asiye Sparta. Koma nkhondo melee ndipo analephera, komanso Amedi, Mokhumbira kwambiri.

Aperisiya kulimbana pafupi ndi mikondo lalifupi, pamene Agiriki anali yaitali, imene duel uyu anapereka mwayi lolozeka.

Usiku, Sparta ataukiranso msasa Persian. Iwo anapha kwambiri ndi adani, koma cholinga chawo chachikulu chinali kukunda mu chisokonezo ambiri Sasita. Ndipo kokha pamene masana, Aperisi anaona wosaperewera wa Tsar Leonid kumuwombera. Iwo anaponya Sparta anamaliza ndi mikondo ndi mivi.

Road lapakati Greece kwa Aperisiya linatsegulidwa. Sasita panokha anayendera kunkhondo. Kupeza akufa wovutika mfumu, analamula kuti anadula mutu nachiyika pa mtengo.

Pali nthano imene Mfumu Leonidas, ati Thermopylae, anamvetsetsa kuti angofa momwemo funso la mkazi wake pa kutsanzikana kodi malamulo anu, iye anauza kupeza mwamuna wabwino ndi kubereka ana. Kuti anali malo Sparta moyo wokonzeka kufera dziko lawo pa nkhondo kuti korona wa ulemerero.

Chiyambi cha Peloponnesian Nkhondo

Patapita nthawi anali kumenyana Greek mzinda-limati adasonkhana ndipo anatha kubweza Sasita. Komabe, ngakhale kuti kupambana olowa Aperisi, ndi mgwirizano Sparta ndi Athens sizinakhalitse. M'chaka cha 431 BC. e. Kuthyoka Peloponnesian nkhondo. Ndipo makumi angapo anatha kupambana ndi chigonjetso cha boma wovutika.

Koma si wina aliyense ku Greece anasangalala ulamuliro wa Lacedaemon. Choncho, theka patapita zaka nkhondo yatsopano inayamba. nthawi iyi, Otsutsa ake Thebes, womwe adani anakwanitsa kupulula kugonjetsedwa kwambiri Sparta. Chifukwa, mphamvu boma anatayika.

Pomaliza

Amenewa anali wakale Sparta. Iye anali mmodzi wa khama chachikulu ulamuliro ndi ukulu mu maganizo Greek a dziko. Ena zikuluzikulu mu mbiri ya wovutika anaimba ntchito zazikulu za Homer. Lodziwika Mwa awa ndi chabwino "Iliad."

Koma tsopano pa mfundo imeneyi ulemerero tsopano anakhalabe yekha m'mabwinja ena a nyumba yake ndi ulemerero chosasuluka. Isanafike m'nthawi yake anabwera nthano ya ungwazi wa asilikali ake, komanso m'tauni yaing'ono ndi dzina chomwecho mu Peloponnese kum'mwera.