Chitukuko ndi chiyani? Features, zizindikiro chitukuko cha chitukuko. Mbiri ya chitukuko Russian, kumadzulo, kum'mawa, amakono. chitukuko dziko

Nthawi yonse ya moyo wa munthu, pambuyo chinatuluka Chiyambi chake, ndipo anachoka wokongola wotopetsa ndi nthawi mphangamo, zikhoza kugawidwa mu magawo ena, aliyense amene adzakhala gulu kuleza analipo a mayiko ndi anthu ogwirizana ndi wamba zokhudza chikhalidwe, mbali zachuma. Chotero payokha anatengedwa nthawi zakale kudziwika monga chitukuko ndi kubala iye makhalidwe yekha mwachibadwa.

Chitukuko monga patsogolo chilengedwe mbiri

Ziphunzitso za oimira kwambiri kusintha kwa zinthu XIX m'ma chogwidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha patsogolo chilengedwe mbiri. Zilibe kuganizira munthu makhalidwe a magulu munthu, zokhudzana mbali ya mtundu wawo, chilengedwe, nyengo, chipembedzo ndi zinthu zina. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti anthu onse ali nawo limodzi patsogolo kuyenda. History akuluakulu a magulu payekha, pafupifupi chinazilala mu maziko.

Komabe, pofika cha m'ma izi chidaliro mbiri apita mu kuchepa, ndipo anagwetsa kukayikira chenicheni cha patsogolo chilengedwe mbiri. Anaonekera, ndipo anaphunziranso ambiri otsatira a chiphunzitso yolumikiza chitukuko cha magulu ena a anthu ndi mbali Hrs a kumadera amene amakhala ndi digiri ya anatengera kwa iwo, komanso mosavuta malingaliro a chipembedzo, miyambo, miyambo ndi zina zotero. Lingaliro la "chitukuko" wakhala tanthauzo ano.

kutanthauza

Iwo anali koyamba mu ntchito ya oganiza ngati za m'ma XVIII, monga Voltaire, AR Turgot ndi A. Ferguson. Mawu akuti amachokera ku Latin "civilis", kutanthauza "boma wamba." Komabe, nthawi kuti ankachita wosiyana pang'ono, yopapatiza kwambiri tanthauzo kuposa tsopano. Lonse mbiri ya anthu, anatuluka siteji ya nkhanza ndi nkhanza popanda magawano mu magawo osiyana, ikhale Chitukuko.

chitukuko kumvetsetsa anthu amakono, zimene ananena wolemba mbiri English ndi Katswiri Arnold Toynbee chiri. Iye anakuyerekeza ndi chamoyo moyo, amatha mosalekeza kubereka ndi pochitika njira chibadwire imfa, kuswa magawo a kubadwa, kukula, chitukuko, kuchepa ndi imfa.

A njira yatsopano kumvetsa mawu akuti akale

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX, chitukuko yamakono awaona monga zotsatira za kukula kwa mabungwe payekha m'deralo. Malinga ndi maganizo a asayansi anali peculiarities kachitidwe wawo, makhalidwe a anthu okhala m'madera ena, komanso mogwirizana awo pa nkhani ya mbiri ya dziko lapansi.

Gawo la chitukuko cha chitukuko ndi ofanana kwa anthu onse popanda yekha, koma amapezeka paliponse mwa njira zosiyanasiyana. Chothamanga kapena liwiro mayendedwe umadalira pa ambiri zifukwa, Pakati zofunika kwambiri ndi nkhondo, masoka achilengedwe, miliri ndi zina zotero. Mbali wamba zikamera wa chitukuko, malo awo poyambira akuti ndi kusintha kwa mtundu kuchokera kusaka kapena kusodza, ndiye kumwa mankhwala kusasanyiwa, kupanga mwake, kutanthauza ulimi ndi ulimi nyama.

masiteji wotsatira wa chitukuko cha anthu ndi

Yachiwiri, womwenso mbiri ya chitukuko, amakhala ndi zikamera wa mbiya kulemba ndi mitundu ake oyambirira ndi zambiri achikale. Onse limasonyeza patsogolo yogwira, zimenezi zimaphatikizapo anthu makamaka. Siteji yotsatira, amene amayendetsa chitukuko cha dziko wayamba mzinda wa chitukuko ndi, monga Motero, ndi zina tima kukula kwa kulemba. Malinga ndi momwe kudya anali chitukuko cha izi ndi zinthu zina zingathe kugawidwa anthu patsogolo ndi kumbuyo.

Choncho, onse a pamwamba amapereka ndi chithunzithunzi cha zimene chitukuko ndi patsogolo mbiri ndi zimene ali mbali yake yaikulu. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti m'dziko sayansi palibe mfundo imodzi pa nkhani imeneyi, monga yense wasayansi imasankha yokha, makhalidwe ake zaumwini mu nzeru zake. Ngakhale pa nkhani ya kugawa chitukuko pa ulimi, mafakitale, natsogozedwa ndi malo m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso mbali ya chuma, pali mfundo ina.

Zikamera wa chitukuko wakale

Imodzi mwa nkhani wolongolola ndi pofuna kukhazikitsa dongosolo la kubadwa kwa chitukuko oyambirira ndi sayansi. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti anali kumzinda limati Mesopotamiya, amene anaonekera m'chigwa wa Tigirisi ndi Firate, zikwi zisanu zapitazo. Yemweyo nthawi zakale ndi zikamera wa chitukuko ku Iguputo. Chinachake Patapita mbali ya chitukuko anatenga anthu okhala India, ndi za zaka chikwi mtsogolo, iye anawonekera mu China. The patsogolo mbiri ya anthu amoyo mu nthawi mu Balkans, anapereka kutsogolera kwa zikamera wa limati wakale Greek.

onse otukuka wakale wa dziko adanyamuka zigwa za mitsinje ikuluikulu monga Tigirisi, Firate, Nile, Indus, Ganges, Yangtze, ndi zina zotero. Iwo ankatchedwa "mtsinje", ndiponso m'njira zambiri maonekedwe awo chifukwa kufunika kulenga machitidwe angapo ulimi wothirira pa madera nalo. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi nyengo. Monga ulamuliro, zigawo woyamba adanyamuka mabacteria ndi otentha.

Mofananamo, chitukuko cha chitukuko zinachitika mu madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Komanso anaitana gulu la ntchito anzake a ambiri anthu, ndi bwino navigation anathandiza kukhazikitsa ubale chikhalidwe ndi malonda ndi mitundu ina, ndi mafuko. Anayamba kuwombola chikhalidwe, amene ankaimba ngati mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kukula lonse ndipo sasiya kufunika kwake lero.

Kulimba kwa munthu ndi chikhalidwe

akuluakulu akale chitukuko cha dziko kusanduka mu akumenya mosalekeza ndi masoka achilengedwe ndi mavuto chifukwa cha zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi. Monga mmene mbiri, anthu sikuti nthawi zonse mgonjetsi. Pali zitsanzo za kuwonongedwa kwa anthu lonse, amene anavutitsidwapo zinthu mafunde. Wokwanira kukumbukira chitukuko Mycenaean litakwiliridwa pansi pa phulusa la phiri, ndi lodziwika bwino Atlantis, chenicheni cha kuyesa kuonetsa asayansi kuti ambiri otchuka.

mitundu mitundu

Kufanizitsa akuluakulu, kuti kugawanikana awo ku mitundu, ikuchitika, malingana ndi mtundu wa tanthauzo la mfundo yokha. Komabe, mu dziko sayansi amasonyezera pa mawu monga mtsinje, nyanja ndi phiri chitukuko. Zikuphatikizapo, motero, Ancient Egypt, Foinike ndi chiwerengero cha limati Pre-Columbian America. Komanso mu gulu osiyana kupirira chitukuko chokhala, amene nawonso, anawagawa ndi woyendayendawu ndipo amangokhala. Amenewa ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za kufanizitsa lapansi. Ndipotu aliyense wa mitundu ali magulu ambiri.

masiteji mbiri ya chitukuko cha madera

Mbiri ya chitukuko mapulogalamu chinayambira ndi kudutsa nthawi ya chitukuko, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi nkhondo yogonjetsa chifukwa chimene, oddly mokwanira, bwino kasamalidwe dongosolo ndi dongosolo la anthu, iwo nakwaniritsa maluwa awo ndi kukhwima. imeneyi ndi zinadzala ndi ngozi ya view zina chakuti, monga ulamuliro, Mkhalidwe chitukuko mofulumira amapereka njira kuteteza malo anagonjetsa, kumene kumakhala kumabweretsa stagnation.

Osati zonse izo anazindikira mwa anthu. Nthawi zambiri, zimatengera boma monga chimbuzi cha chitukuko. Zochita izi inasanduka ndale ndiponso zachuma, Chifukwa cha zomwe muli mkati chipwirikiti ndi yapakati boma zipolowe. Monga ulamuliro, ndi stagnation likulowerera m'madera monga mfundo, chikhalidwe, chuma ndi chipembedzo.

Pomaliza, chifukwa ndi stagnation, chiwonongeko cha chitukuko kwe. Pa nthawi imeneyi, pali exacerbation nkhondo ndiponso ndale, kapangidwe kufooka mphamvu ali mavuto adzaoneni. Nthaŵi zina, anthu onse a chitukuko anadutsa njira iyi zaminga.

Kupatulapo mwina anthu anthu okha ndi mitundu imene zathaŵa nkhope ya Dziko Lapansi chifukwa chosankha kunja, osati zifukwa kuzisintha awo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo ya Hyksos anawononga Egypt, ndi conquistadors Spanish kutha kwa States of Mesoamerica. Komabe, ngakhale mu milandu, kuchititsa mozama kusanthula angapezeke mu magawo chakumapeto kwa moyo anataya chitukuko cha zizindikiro zomwezo za stagnation ndi kuwola.

Zolowa chitukuko ndi awo mayendedwe amoyo

Mosamala kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya anthu, dziŵani kuti si nthawi zonse imfa ya chitukuko kumatanthauza chiwonongeko cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Nthawi zina pali ndondomeko imene oipa wa chitukuko ndi nucleation wina. Chitsanzo chidwi kwambiri ndi chitukuko Greek anagwetsa Roma, ndipo m'malo ndi chitukuko ATSOPANO AKU ULAYA. Ichi chimapereka malo kulankhula za luso la chitukuko lifecycle mobwereza motsanzira. Mbali imeneyi ndi maziko a kupita patsogolo anthu komanso amapereka chiyembekezo kwa irreversibility kwa ndondomekoyi.

Kuti adzimvera za magawo chitukuko cha mitundu ya anthu, tisaiwale kuti nthawi ya ndimeyi pamwambapa si aliyense chitukuko. njira yachibadwa ya mbiri Kodi Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhope za masoka achilengedwe, m'kuphethira kwa diso asinthe ake? Wokwanira kukumbukira Minoan chitukuko pa kutalika kwa bwalolo ndi chiwonongeko cha phiri la Santorini.

mawonekedwe kum'mawa a chitukuko

Nkofunika kuganizira kuti makhalidwe a chitukuko zambiri zimadalira malo m'mayiko ambiri. Komanso chofunika kwambiri ali makhalidwe mtundu wa anthu amene amapanga anthu ake. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko East mwadzaza wapadera, achilendo yekha mbali yake. Mawu amenewa limaphatikizapo boma ili osati Asia komanso mu Africa, ndi Pacific lalikulu.

chitukuko kum'mawa ku matabwa ake ndi sakanikira. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu Middle East, Muslim, Asian South ndi m'mayiko a China-Far East. Ngakhale makhalidwe munthu aliyense wa iwo, iwo amapanga kwambiri mbali wamba amene malo kulankhula za chitsanzo logwirizana la dziko kum'mawa.

Mu nkhani iyi, zofanana ngati mbali otchuka monga mphamvu zopanda malire a osankhika malamulo osati m'madera wamba amene amagonjera wake, komanso pa gawo lathu lamtseri: inu mwa iwo amisiri wobwereketsayo ndi amalonda zosiyanasiyana. wolamulira wamkulu wa mphamvu ya boma amati kuperekedwa ndi Mulungu ndi kuyeretsedwa mwa chipembedzo. Pafupifupi chitukuko Oriental ali mbali imeneyi.

Western chitsanzo cha anthu

A chithunzi chosiyana ndi pa Ulaya ndi ku America. Western chitukuko ndi, poyamba pa zonse, kuloŵerera chipatso, processing ndi kusintha kwa zomwe woyambawo, adatsikira ku mbiri. Mu zida kwa zikhumbo achipembedzo anabwereka kwa Ayuda tinalandira kuchokera Greek nthanthi m'lifupi ndi digiri yapamwamba ya boma bungwe, potengera malamulo a Aroma.

Onse lamakonoli Western inamangidwa pa nzeru za Chikhristu. Pa mfundo imeneyi, popeza Middle Ages, anapanga anthu auzimu ndipo zinachititsa ake apamwamba mawonekedwe, amatchedwa umunthu. Ndi chopereka yaikulu chitukuko cha patsogolo azungu ndi sayansi kuti anasintha lonse la mbiri ya dziko lapansi, ndi kukhazikitsa mabungwe a ufulu ndale.

chitukuko Western n'chobadwa rationality, koma mosiyana ndi mmene kum'mawa kwa kuganiza, amakhala ndi ndondomeko pa maziko amene anayamba kupanga masamu ndi mfundo ofunda. Iye analinso maziko a chitukuko cha chimango malamulo a boma. mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi ulamuliro ufulu wa munthu pa zinthu za gulu ndi anthu. M'mbiri yonse ya dziko lapansi panali nkhondo mitundu ya kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo nyemba.

The chodabwitsa cha chitukuko Russian

Pamene mu XIX atumwi ku maiko anthu anthu Asilavo, lingaliro la yogwirizanitsa pamaziko a m'dera mitundu ndi zinenero, mawu akuti 'Russian chitukuko. Great kutchuka anali pakati pa Slavophiles. Mfundo imeneyi ikunena za mbali yoyambirira ya chikhalidwe Russian ndi mbiri, Likutsindika kusiyana kwawo ku zikhalidwe za East ndi West, ali staked magwero dziko njingayo.

Mmodzi wa theoreticians wa chitukuko Russian anali odziwika bwino mbiri ndi Katswiri m'ma XIX NY Danilevsky. Mu zolemba zake, iye ananeneratu West zadutsa, maganizo ake, apogee a chitukuko, pafupi dzuwa litalowa imfa. Russia, mu maso ake anali mwini wake wa chitukuko ndiponso kuti a m'tsogolo. Lamulo lake mitundu yonse Asilavo anali kubwera kwa kutukuka kwa chikhalidwe ndi chuma.

Pakati kanjedza otchuka mabuku Russian ndi chitukuko anali mbali yake odzipereka. Wokwanira kukumbukira FM Dostoevsky ndi lingaliro lake la "Mulungu wopatsa anthu" ndi chitsutso cha kumvetsa chikale wa Chikhristu Western mmene anaona kudza kwa Wotsutsakhristu. Inunso sitingalephere kutchula Ln Tolstoy ndi lingaliro lake la mudzi wamba, kudalira pa mwambo Russian.

Kwa zaka zambiri osati kuchepa mikangano za momwe chitukuko chikukhudza Russia, ndi adzadziwire ake osiyana. Ena amanena kuti ali chabe kunja apachiyambi, ndi kozama ake ndi chiwonetsero cha njira lonse. Ena kukakamira m'maganizo ake, kutsindika chiyambi Eastern, ndi kuwona ngati umboni wa dera East Asilavo. Russophobes Iyeyunso wapadera mbiri Russian.

A malo apadera m'mbiri yadziko

Kusiya pambali zokambirana, tiyeni tione mbiri yakale kuti ambiri otchuka, nzeru ena, azamulungu ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo onse nthawi yathu ndi zaka zapitazo, Russian chitukuko atachotsedwa malo ena kwathunthu, sankhani mu gulu lapadera. Mwa anthu amene woyamba anagogomeza wapadera njira za dziko lake mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi anali ngati otchuka monga Ivan Aksakov, Fi Tiutchev, A. Khomyakov, Ivan Kireev, ndi ena ambiri.

Chidwi pa nkhani imeneyi malo a Eurasians otchedwa. Izi ndi akatswiri andale malangizo anabwera makumi Mu zaka zapitazo. Malinga ndi iwo, Russian chitukuko ndi osakaniza a mbali European ndi Asia. Koma Russia lithe iwo, osatembenukira ku chinachake chosiyana. Izo, iwo samabwera pansi kuti akhale ophweka wa ngongole. Only mu ntchito yotero dongosolo, kuti Eurasians, ndi tinganene kuti njira mbiri ya dziko lathu.

patsogolo mbiri ndi chitukuko

Kodi makamaka anatengedwa chitukuko ndi nkhani zakale zomwe zikuchititsa kuti apange? Zochokera chakuti iyo siingakhoze isanafalikire mu nthawi ndi malo kufunika kwa kuphunzira bwino, choyamba, kuti ndingathere chithunzi cha m'masiku a linakhalapo. Komabe, mbiri si chinachake malo amodzi, atathana ndi kusintha yekha ena mphindi ena. Iye nthawi zonse zoyenda. Choncho, kuganizira iliyonse ya chitukuko cha dziko ndi ngati mtsinje - pa kufanana kwa contours awo kunja amakhala watsopano ndi mphindi iliyonse wodzazidwa ndi zili zosiyana. Kungakhale zonse madzi, onyamula madzi ake pa zaka masauzande ambiri, ndipo mukhoza obmelet ndi kudzatha mu mpweya woonda.