Anthu chidwi - ndani? anthu chidwi m'ma 19

Lero, mfundo "anthu olemekezeka" wakhala historicism. Ndipo kamodzi zinali chinthu kuona tsoka la munthu. Izi zimathandiza kuti tikwaniritse apamwamba mu boma kulandira wolemera malowolo, kupambana, chuma, ndi ulemu anthu ena.

Tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino lalifupi, omwe anali anthu olemekezeka. ubwino Kodi iwo ali? Kodi maudindo akhala anthu chidwi? Ndipo ife titembenukira kwa mbiri ya m'zaka 19 Russia.

Mawu akuti "wolemekezeka"

Anthu nthawi zonse matendawa kwa ena Magulu a anthu. Amene anawaitana mfulu? madikishonare amakono pofotokoza tanthauzo losiyana mawu. Pali mbiri ndi chi kutanthauzira. Ku maganizo a mbiri, adzaupereka kwa banja lolemera. Modernity ali kuti anthu awa, wotchuka chifukwa nyota awo (dictionary-SI Ozhegova ndi DN Ushakov).

Kumene, timasamala ndi tanthauzo loyamba la mawu akuti "wolemekezeka". Anthu amene mungagwiritse ntchito mfundo imeneyi - mtundu wa anthu osankhika. Chinthu chapadera ndi ufulu wawo kusamutsa zipambano zawo tinatengera. Choncho, ana adzalandira osati cholowa cha makolo, komanso awo maudindo, mu zina mawu, chikhalidwe ntchito ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito iwo.

Kodi mukudziwa?

Stratum wa olemekezeka unakhazikitsidwa mpaka kumbuyo monga madera wakale, kupereka kukopa kwake pa kasamalidwe ka boma. Iye anapitiriza kufunika kwake ku Middle Ages, izo anataya kokha m'zaka 19 mochedwa. masiku ano anthu salinso amayamikira apamwamba monga izo zinali isanafike (ngakhale olemekezeka kumadzulo anapitiriza maudindo awo ndi mabungwe mabungwe). Izi zochitika chifukwa chakuti lero ndi zofunika osati phindu makolo a munthu, ndipo lake kanthu ndi mphamvu kutenga udindo anthu.

A Munthu wa pfuko lomveka mu m'badwo wa monarchism

Maluwa apamwamba lolemera anafika pa nthawi imene mafumu ambiri andale. Pamene dziko anadza Republic, zinali ndiye kuti mphamvu ya apamwamba unayamba kuda kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mfumu ndi pakokha munthu apamwamba mu chikhalidwe, ndi iye ali fuko lomveka choyamba mu dziko.

Maziko a lingaliro mafumu ndi anthu otchuka a Championship pa lingaliro kuti ufulu wa boma ndi anthu osankhidwa, wodzozedwa wa Mulungu, amene Mulungu wapatsa kusamalira. Olemekezeka, wokhulupirira kasamalidwe ndi woyang'anira ntchito anthu wamba, iwo kupatsira ana anu, mmene chisankho chomwecho. Ndipotu, iwo anasankha Ambuye, kuwalola iwo adzabadwire banja wolemekezeka ndi womveka.

Mwa njira, anatsimikiza kuti adziwe za mbali zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya ndi Russia. Zinali olimba mtima ankhondo, luso mokhulupirika mfumu yake, chuma ndi zina zotero. Ndalama apamwamba pang'onopang'ono kuimirira ena onse, ndi chiyambi cha nyengo ubale capitalist anayamba kulemekezedwa kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse ya maudindo mfulu.

Fuko lomveka m'zaka 19 Russia

iwo, omveka kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi ndani? otchuka Russian anali m'magulu awiri chachikulu: payekha ndi cholowa. chachiwiri ndi kudziwa nthawi. Izi zikuphatikizapo wotchuka Russian mabanja apamwamba onse, ena amene anali mbiri yawo ku Rurik (otchuka akale), ndi gawo la anapiye a kadzidziyo Petra Velikogo (anthu otchuka chenicheni).

Back mu zaka za m'ma 18, awa magulu awiri osankhika anali zimatsutsana. Pa anthu otchuka monga dongosolo serviceman anadalira Petr Veliky, monga iye anasiyanitsa wake aulesi akumenya chokhudza ndi gulu la cholowa cha Russian achifumu akale. Komabe, izi zonse zinasintha ndi ulamuliro wa Catherine Wamkulu, amene anakwera pa mpando wachifumu, anapatsidwa ufulu kuzungulira malo olemekezeka a Russia, kumasula iye kuchokera ntchito yokakamiza boma. Kuyambira pamenepo, ndinayamba msinkhu mu mbiri ya otchuka Russian, imene inatha ndi zochitika zomvetsa chisoni February ndi October 1917.

Russian wolemekezeka banja kwa zaka za m'ma 19

M'zaka za m'ma 19 olemekezeka Russian adalowa, kusonyeza chabe 1.2% ya chonse cha anthu a ufumuwo. Iwo anali oimira osiyanasiyana, sipangakhalenso m'magulu angapo.

1. Stolbovoye olemekezeka wakale - ndi stratum wamkulu wa olemekezeka. Pamafunikanso ana a Rurik ndi akalonga kwambiri ndi olandira cholowa cha atsogoleri Golden amene kugwiritsa ntchito Russian. Mayina a anthu awa analembedwa m'buku lapadera - mizati, choncho chiyambi cha dzinalo.
2. Lodziwika anthu ndi maudindo. gawo ili la anthu apamwamba akhoza kudzitama kalonga, werengani, maudindo baronial chopatsika makolo awo nyota wapadera kwa dziko ndi wamphamvu.
3. olemekezeka cholowa otchuka yotengedwa ndi kupeza makolo awo eni luso lapadera nyota usilikali kapena ing'ono ing'ono bwinobwino.
4. otchuka yachilendo, zimene zinaphatikizapo oimira apamwamba Ufumuyo limati Russian ndi zigawo (Georgia, Ossetia, Armenia, etc.).
5. otchuka Personal, analandira udindo wa utumiki wapadera, koma sangathe kupatsira olandira awo.

Ubwino ntchito ndi m'banja lachifumu la

Kodi katundu ndi olemekezeka? Iwo akanatha? wina AS Pushkin analemba kuti Russia molunjika katundu ndi ufulu wapadera mwa ubwino waukulu wa anthu olemekezeka. Komanso, anthu olemekezeka akanatha kukhala ndi chuma ambiri zotsatirazi khalidwe:

• zigawo ndi midzi litadzala ndi serfs miyoyo (serfs sankaloledwa kupha pa chifuniro cha mwini, komanso kugulitsa padera ku mudzi kwawo);
• nyumba m'mizinda ndi ena malo.

Komanso, anthu mwayi wakhala ntchito kwambiri ndi dongosolo la malonda, iwo akanakhoza kutenga maphunziro apamwamba, akhala amamasulidwa ku usilikali (mpaka 1874), koma ngati mukufuna kutumikira analowa utumiki ali alonda (zotsutsana ndi anthu wamba amene anathamanga zaka 25 kachingwe yolembedwa usilikali), etc.

Choncho, pamene ife tikuwona otchuka chiyambi pamaso pa nthawi inayake mu dziko lathu ndi padziko lonse ndafika. A Munthu wa pfuko lomveka anali opambana anzawo a magulu chosavuta ndi kulandira madalitso a moyo, zimene anthu wamba ndinkaona ngati sindingazikwanitse.