State ndiponso anthu wamba mu zakhala zikuchitika

Tikhoza kunena kuti chiphunzitso cha mmene boma ndi mabungwe ogwira kucheza ndi mzake, anaonekera ngakhale pamaso pa zikamera akuti. Woyamba "zindikirani" zinthu za chipangizo anthu Plato ndi kuwasankha ngati osiyana ndondomeko mankhwala. Iye anapereka zigawo ofunikawa ndi mfundo za "boma abwino". Aristotle osauka zopanda kuti munthu - ndi zoon politikon, mwachitsanzo alipo ndiponso ndale, anazindikira kuti boma ndi mankhwala achilengedwe a ndale zolinga nzika Komabe, pali madera ena - zachuma, ukwati ndi banja, wauzimu - komwe boma ilibe ufulu amamvera nyimbo m'malo mochita. Aristotle ananena kuti katundu ndi anthu opeza, onse ali zawo, ndi maziko a mtendere wa anthu.

Great mphatso za chitukuko ndi chiphunzitso cha mmene angalankhulire ndi mzake boma yapachiweniweni anthu, anabweretsa Italy wolemba Niccolo Machiavelli. Iye amapereka boma mphamvu zandale, zomwe si nthawi zonse zimayenderana ndi makhalidwe abwino. Mayiko, mumalo mwa zolinga zandale, ndipo sayenera nkhanza kuswa katundu ndi ufulu wa munthu wa nzika, kuti uyitakase amadana ndi anthu yokha. Choncho, Machiavelli anakonza woyamba ndi zofunika kwambiri tenet a anthu wamba - ndi chinthu palokha, chinachake chimene amakhala ndi malamulo ake omwe amene sali pansi boma.

Poganizira mmene zogwirizana boma ndiponso anthu wamba, Chingerezi nzeru zapamwamba Thomas Hobbes akulengeza za ulamuliro wa yotsirizira ku boma, ndipo woyamba atchule mawu amenewa ulimi sayansi. Woyambitsa wa liberalism Dzhon Lokk Hobbes anayamba chiphunzitso za ulamuliro wa anthu wamba, ndipo anaona kuti boma ukapezeka kokha pamene kulikonse wakucha zimenezi. Choncho, Locke akufotokozera maganizo ake, panali nthawi zina boma sanali (chifukwa panalibe kufunika kwake), ndipo nthawi idzafika pamene anthu adzakhala sipafinikanso izo. Mu popanga matanthauziro a zoterozo anthu, Locke akumutcha waukulu lalikulu la Kuyanjana pakathi pa anthu ake onse pamaso pa lamulo.

Montesquieu amaona boma ndi mabungwe ogwira ziwiri zosiyana kutsutsa dongosolo, ndipo amanena kuti yotsirizira ndi limatchinjiriza zofunika ndi kupondereza ndi mwankhanza wa akuluakulu. Jean-Zhak Russo tiziwakonda ndipo ankadziwa lamanja la mamembala a bungwe kulanda boma. A lamanzere phiko anzeru XIX-XX m'ma - Karl Marx ndi Antonio Gramsci, ndi afilosofi ena amakono ndi asayansi ndale - athandize ndi kuzamitsa chidziwitso cha anthu za udindo wa anthu wamba mu moyo wapoyera. Wopondereza ndi coups modernity ngati ubale paradoxical pakati pa zochitika ziwirizi okhudzidwa: chikhalidwe cha kukhala Otsutsa, iwo amathandiza moyenera mzake, kwinakunso pakati maxims monga Ulamuliro chilengedwe mtheradi ndi chisokonezo.

Zodabwitsa, dziwani kuti mabungwe zikuluzikulu za anthu wamba, monga zipani zosiyanasiyana zandale, media palokha, anthu wamba, mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu, kokha kumapangitsanso uziyenda bwino wa mphamvu za ndale ndi ntchito za ntchito zake. Pa dzanja limodzi, mabungwe kufunafuna kulamulira anthu olamulira, kuchepetsa zimakhudza awo pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa nzika zonse. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti boma lili kuti akhazikitse malamulo amene amatitsimikizira kuti anthu ufulu wamba ndi ufulu chifukwa cha zomwe anthu wamba ndi mwayi kulimbikitsa boma la Chiweruzirolo ake. Wolemera ndipo anayamba Western ano anthu - chifukwa cha vutoli zomanga mabungwe a chakuya anthu wamba ndi akuluakulu a boma. Koma wankhanza - ndi Kusakhazikika, monga momwe "Spring Arab" - limati amachita nkhondo poyera kapena mobisa ndi mabungwe a palokha kufunafuna kugwira ntchito ulamuliro. Ndipo popeza kuti "mtendere zoipa zonse kuposa nkhondo wabwino", tsogolo la ankhanza izi wasindikizidwa.