Mbiri ndege ndi chitukuko. Wotchuka opanga ndege

Tangoganizani dziko ano popanda ndege ndi flights zosatheka. Anali mmodzi wa katundu wofunika kwambiri pa zoyambitsidwa za anthu, ndegeyo anabadwa chifukwa cha chilakolako choipitsitsa anthu kuti mapiko kumbuyo kwake. Ndithudi makolo athu analota maloto kuuluka. Akutama mbalame ndi manja ndikuyesetsa, anakaonekera nawo. Ngakhale mwana amene amakhulupirira kuti kuli zipangizo wosangalatsa zouluka, indetu nsanje ngwazi za nthano. Maloto akwaniritsidwa pokhapokha Zakachikwi - pamene panali okwanira kuchuluka kwa sayansi. Zinachitikira wabweza mu njira ya kuchuluka kwa zoyesayesa zinalephereka omwe anapangidwa ndi mlengi wa ndege yoyamba ndi akalambula ake, zinali zothandiza masiku ano.

Ornithopter njira koyamba

M'zaka za m'ma XV, Leonardo da Vinci anali kukhulupirira kuti munthu kugonjetsa mpweya kukana, lingathe adzauka mu mlengalenga. Kumuthandiza mu uyu adzakhala mapiko yaikulu. Asayansi ndi kuphunzira zambiri za ndege mbalame anamutengera lingaliro la kulenga chipangizo monga glider a. Leonardo da Vinci anayesa kukhazikitsa mfundo, zomwe anauziridwa atombolombo zonse.

chakuti chilengedwe mpweya limatchedwa "chachisanu nyanja" anamva ndi ambiri, koma malongosoledwe kwa epithet izi wodziŵa sangapereke zonse. Mbiri ya aeronautics ndi ndege akukumbukira kuti mwa okonda amene akufuna kugonjetsa airspace wosadziwika, panali atsogoleri ambiri ziwiya panyanja. Mwina amafunitsitsa kuphunzira ndiponso mipata unexplored, koma anaponya kumbuyo chikondi, ndi Dziwani kuti amalinyero adazindikira kwambiri zipangizo zovuta luso akhoza kusamalira frigates lalikulu. Ngati ndi kotheka, mukhoza kukonza kapena kumanga chombo latsopano mosavuta. Choncho, zinachitikira oyendetsa akatswiri zothandiza mu ndondomeko ya kulenga woyamba kudziletsa injini kuchokera zipangizo nthaka.

Modern boma ndi asilikali ndege, amene mbiri wolemera zosiyanasiyana zatsopano, anadutsa maganizo a chidwi komanso kukhumudwa, kufa ndi mwayi watsopano.

Maonekedwe a gliders loyamba

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX panali woyamba sanali amphamvu gliders. Kutsanzira mbalame, ndi woyamba anapatsa zolengedwa zake mawonekedwe ofanana. Komabe, ndege yoyamba sanathe kupeza kufalikira ntchito, chifukwa kufuna kukatenga zosaneneka kwa nthawi kuyambitsa sanali korona bwino.

Iwo anakankha kuchokera phompho, kamukamu kuchokera ku mapiri, wosweka ndi thandizo la akavalo, koma, ziribe kanthu momwe kuyesera ndiAmene, iwo amatha kukhala Olemba ntchito woyamba kulembedwa mu mlengalenga kuti mbiri, umene pambuyo pake anapeza dzina la "ndege".

History akukumbukira mu 1857 woyendetsa woyamba Jean-Marie Les Brie, amene anakwanitsa kuchotsa glider kudzulu, kuswa kutalika 100-mita. "Mbalame" (kotero iye wotchedwa chozizwitsa wake luso), malingana ndi mphepo malangizo ndi osalimba wa misa mpweya, anali kuuluka 200 meters.

kupambana Mozhaiskogo

Russian ndege ayenera kunyadira chakuti asilikali a zombo za mfumu anali wokhoza kuti amange ndege yoyamba okonzeka ndi injini ndi nthunzi, amene anachoka ku padziko lapansi ndi okhalamo ake munthu. Mlengi anamupatsa dzina zingamuthandize - ". Vozduholetatelny chipolopolo" Makulidwe nyengo chidwi ndege: phiko m'litali ndi 24 mamita, ndi fuselage ndi pafupifupi 15 mamita. Dzina lake Aleksandr Mozhaysky - mlengi wa ndege oyamba padziko lonse lapansi - sadathe kumaliza ntchitoyo. Koma chitukuko akhala yofunika kwambiri kuti chitukuko tsogolo la aeronautics.

Mtengo wa abale American Wright

Pakuwoneratu ndi moyandikana bwino, amatukutuku yopambana kudalira zinachitikira otulukira m'mbuyomu. Popanda kutsitsa manja ndi kufufuza zonse maganizo abwino, iwo anayesa kuti akonze makina zouluka mbandakucha ndi kukhulupirira kufunikira a kapezedwe ake amphamvu kwambiri engine. Komabe, oyang'anira za chipangizo mapiko zodabwitsa si onse. Cholinga chachikulu basi kuwuluka. Poganizira zimene zinachitika amenewa ndalama miyoyo ya Otto Lilienthal. Mu 1896, glider ake anapambutsa pa zotsatira za lakuthwa mphepo gust, ndi makina inaonongeka kuchokera kumwamba ndi. Choncho, chidwi ziperekedwe osati ndege wotchuka, komanso omwe amatha kugonjera ndege yoyamba.

Bratya Rayt, amatukutuku America, anatha luso zofunika mu piloting ndipo akugwira bwino ndege zikugwirizana doko mpweya. Ubwino wa kamangidwe anali injini azilandira limene likuyenda petulo. Ngakhale kuti ndegeyo amafanana kakang'ono ndege zamakono, kani, zinali ngati whatnot zouluka, inkalemera pafupifupi 300 makilogalamu. Pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi, woyamba bwino mayeso a "Flyer". Anakhala mpweya masekondi 12, Bratya Rayt anapatsidwa kuwala wobiriwira munthu yothetsa kumwamba.

Ndege ku Russia: chiyambi cha m'ma XX

Zaka zochepa, dziko lonse padagwedezeka ndi bwino Achimereka, kotero kuti njira ya chitukuko anapitiriza ndege. History limanena zikuthwanima m'manyuzipepala, mafilimu anawomberedwa Parisian woyendetsa bird's diso view mabuku apadera zoyenera athandizapo ndege. Komabe, mayeso oyamba a makina aeronautical moyenerera amatchedwa daredevils. Russian ndege, monga nthumwi zake, zinkandivuta kupanikizika ndi ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani yodziwika ya nthawi woyendetsa, Boris Rossinsky ndi essays pano ndi kukumbukira za maulendo a. Mwa mphindi zosasangalatsa pa ndege iye makamaka anakumbukira mafuta kusuta. Wautsi, acrid utsi kukhale kovuta kupuma mokwanira, kuti woyendetsa anali nthawi ntchito kwa mphuno ammonia.

Komanso, kupanda mabuleki aviator amakakamizidwa ndilumphepo zashuga pa amapita.

Kupanga Sikorsky - Russian ngwazi

Popeza Launch wa American "Flyer" anatenga zaka zingapo, ndipo mu gawo la Russian Ufumu ndi kupanga zoweta makina zouluka wakhazikitsidwa pa mlingo mkulu. Ndiye kunali woyamba mwakwera ndege, lomwe ndi mlengi wa Igor Sikorsky. Kwathunthu zokhala ndi dzina mbiri, "Ilya Muromets" anali chimphona mwa anzake. Komanso mkati ankasiyana zinthu ndigwira sikunachitekepo: chogona angapo, kupezeka kwa chimbudzi ndi bafa, magetsi magetsi. othandiza wosapitirira kuyesedwa "Ilya Muromets" unachitika mu yozizira 1914. okwera sikisitini ndi galu pa bolodi nazo zochuluka za mtima kwa ndege, kenako ndege anapanga ankafika bwino. Patapita miyezi sikisi, ndi aircrafts omasuka anachita kutenga udindo wa zoponya mabomba kutenga mbali mu First World nkhondo.

Lembani mndandanda Tupoleva

Lodziwika bwino nyerere 25 lili Chkalovsky owonetsera zakale hangar. Kamodzi ndege chidwi ndi kuyamika kuzindikira kuti mapiko chachikulu chofiira. The kwambiri Russian ndege mlengi Andrei Tupolev anali kupereka mphoto zambiri chopereka kwambiri kuti apange ndege.

Valery Chkalov, wotchuka oyendetsa Soviet mu 1937 anali kupeza wagawo izi mbiri weniweni mtunda. Kenako, Nyerere 25 anagula wotero dzina chachiwiri. Ku Moscow ku Vancouver mtunda ndi za 8500 makilomita, ndi brainchild wa Tupolev ndege anakwanitsa kuthetsa mu mpweya chomwecho.

IL2 Air thanki

Il-2 anatchuka kwambiri pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Iye anali kuwopsa kwa Nazi monga ndicho mpweya wa chitetezo wa asilikali Soviet pa nkhondo malo. Kubisa asilikali ake ndi mfuti, mfuti machine maroketi, iye anatsogolera Army patsogolo. Mmodzi mwa ubwino wake zoonekeratu anali zida amphamvu, amene amalola omenyana pokana pomenyana mdani Germany. Mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya ndege awo kuchuluka kwa nkhani anaposa ena a karate Anzawo.

Odzichepetsa U-2

Ndi makumi anai a m'zaka za m'ma XX ku Soviet Union anali kutsogolera anthu opanga ndege analenga ambiri nkhondowo ndege, koma osati kwa iwo atipatsa chitetezo cha kumwamba Soviet.

Pamodzi ndi iwo nawo nkhondo zouluka amene anafuna zifuno za mtendere. Pakati pawo malo a ulemu anatenga U-2. Ili maphunziro ndege anali mipando iwiri, anali mwamtheradi whimsical ntchito ndi wokhoza kumtunda cholinga kwa cholinga ichi. Komanso, ndegeyo anazindikira kuti maneuverability ake ndi tihost. Zimenezi zinathandiza oyendetsa asilikali pafupifupi noiselessly amalowa kwa mdani mu mdima ndi ntchito nkhonya.

Wolemekezeka okha pankhondo 1943, U-2 walandira kanali ndi dzina latsopano. Polemekeza Nikolai Polikarpov, ndege otchuka lonse Soviet danga, izo anadzatchedwa ndi Po-2.

Pomaliza

Mipikisano faceted ndege mbiri amene ali akadali kwambiri chitsanzo chabwino ziwembu limanena, kuphatikizapo zochotsa bwino, ndege wamba ndipo n'chosavuta Jets.
Sitingathe kunena za yonyamula kaso Lachiwiri-144 1968 Chaka, ndi womenya ndege MiG 25 danga ndege "Columbia" ndi "Buran". An yojambula zofunika chinali kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ngati ndondomeko monga drones.

Ngati munthu anali ndi maloto kamodzi kumene pandege, kufuna kubwereza mu moyo weniweniwo musatisiye iye nthawi. Mukhoza kukwaniritsa maloto a kungokhala ndi ndege galimotolo kapena kulandira maphunziro koyenera kupitiriza kukhala pa helm, kapena kukhala wamkulu ndege mlengi.