Superclass Pisces: mbali khalidwe la mkati ndi kunja kapangidwe

Nsomba - ichi ndi gulu lalikulu pa kuchuluka mitundu chordates m'madzi, amenenso ndi akale kwambiri. Nsomba anthu pafupifupi onse atsopano ndi mchere madzi. Onse machitidwe awo limba ndinazolowera moyo mu malo m'madzi. Malinga ndi analandira sayansi gulu la Pisces wa ulamuliro wa eukaryotes, nyama ndi mtundu wa Chordates. Taganizirani superclass mosamala.

zophimba thupi

Lakunja thupi chivundikiro nsomba - ndi khungu ndi mamba. Milandu ali kuchotserapo kawirikawiri pamene mamba zikusowa kapena kusinthidwa. Khungu anapatukana mu dermis ndi khungu. The khungu ndi superclass Pisces osati tentha mthupi.

Mu mapangidwe lonse ndi udindo waukulu ndi ankaimba ndi dermis lapansi. Mamba ndi osiyanasiyana malingana kalasi nsomba zomwe adzaupereka.

• Placoid mamba ali kalasi Cartilaginous nsomba. Amakhala dentin, enamel TACHIMATA. Ndi mtundu uwu wa mamba m'kupita kwa kusanduka chasanduka mu mano a Nsombayi ndi kunyezimira. Imfa ya kugwirizana lonse izo kudzuka.
• Ganoid mamba khalidwe la Sturgeon kumuwombera. Ndi fupa mbale TACHIMATA ganoinom. Zida zimenezi mwangwiro amateteza thupi.
• Kosmoidnaya mamba anati mu Crossopterygii ndi mitundu lungfish. Amakhala Cosmina ndi dentin.

Chekeni nyama superclass Pisces akhoza kukhala yosiyanasiyana. Zinyama ikhoza kukhala mzungu, ndi kukhala zokongola, ungathe mdima, kapena, Tikawonetsetsa chenjezo za kuopsa ochekenera.

dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa

dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa zimathandiza nsomba kuchita gululi ndi kusintha zinthu mu chilengedwe. Mafupa a nsomba chosiyana ndi mafupa lapadziko nyama. Chigaza iye ali zinthu zoposa makumi anayi, kuti ndikasendeza paokha. Ichi chizathandiza nyama kukokera ndipo kanikizirani nsagwada zina kwambiri kwambiri.

Msana tichipeza vertebrae, osati zinaphatikizidwa pamodzi. Iwo agawidwa thunthu ndi mchira zigawo. Pamene n'kuyamba kusambira chikuchititsa zonsezi amalenga chipsyepsye cha nsomba. Iwo anawagawa awiriawiri (thoracic, m'mimba) ndi unpaired (dorsal, kumatako, caudal). Mu oimira Bony superclass chipsyepsye tichipeza cheza Bony, omwe ndi ogwirizana ndi Kakhungu. Minofu kuthandiza kum'kulitsa, kuwonjezera ndi pindani ngati mukufuna nsomba.

Kusambira zamoyo za m'madzi ndi zotheka zikomo kwa minofu. Iwo yafupika, ndi nsomba ikupita patsogolo. Minofu anawagawa "wosakwiya" ndi "kudya" minofu. Kufunika koyamba kwa kusambira ulesi, kulowerera. Chachiwiri - kwa jerks kudya ndi amphamvu.

Mantha dongosolo nsomba

ubongo wa nsomba yagawidwa m'magawo. Aliyense ali ndi ntchito yeniyeni:

1. The forebrain zikuphatikizapo wapakatikati ndi komaliza. M'chigawo chino ife oyenerera olfactory babu. Iwo amalandira chizindikiro kwa ziwalo kunja kununkhiza. Nsomba mwakhama ntchito fungo pamene kusaka, akulitsa babu.
2. Midbrain mu kutumphuka ake ali Lobe kuwala.
3. hindbrain agawidwa mu cerebellum ndi medulla.

Chingwe msana ndi oimira superclass Pisces kukupitirira utali wonse msana.

mitsempha ya magazi

Ambiri mwa oimira ndi chimodzi makope superclass ndi ziwiri chambered mtima. chatsekedwa dongosolo magazi okwanira, kuti transmits magazi kuchokera mu mtima mwa makutu ndipo zimakhala thupi. Mtima nsomba kwathunthu alekanitsa mpweya kulemera wolumikizira magazi venous osauka.

Chambers za mtima nsomba akutsatira wina ndi mzake kudzazidwa ndi magazi venous. Ndi nkusani venosus, atrium, ventricle infundibulum. Magazi amasamukira yekha mu njira imodzi - kuchokera sine ya phirilo lapansi. Pochita zimenezi, zimathandiza mavavu wapadera.

The matupi kuwombola mpweya nsomba

The makutu a nsomba - limba waukulu kuwombola mpweya. Iwo ili m'mbali mwa kamwa. Nsomba Bony, iwo ataphimbidwa ndi chivundikiro gill, ena - ndi ufulu kutsegula outwards. Pamene makutu mpweya, madzi akudutsa m'kamwa ndiyeno arches gill. Ndiye iye ankakhulupirira ukuonekera kupyolera mu mipata ya makutu a nsomba.

Kapangidwe ka makutu ndi ili: ali ndi theka-permeable Kakhungu lodzala ndi mitsempha, ndipo ili pa arches Bony. Gill filaments, wodzazidwa ndi maukonde zing'onozing'ono capillaries, amathandiza nsomba kumva momasuka pansi ndime madzi.

Kupatula nsomba gill kupuma akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira ina kuwombola mpweya:

• Nsomba mphutsi mukhoza kuchita kuwombola mpweya kudzera pamwamba khungu.
• Ena mitundu ndi mapapo kuti musunge mpweya humidified.
• Ena nsomba kupuma mpweya paokha.

Kodi dongosolo m'mimba mwa nsomba?

Nsomba chakudya katengedwe ndi kugwira mano kuti zili M'mimbamo m'kamwa (monga inakhala kwambiri). Kudzera pakhosi mu kholingo akulowa chakudya m'mimba. Pali iye ankachitira ndi madzi muzituluka ndi michere ali m'bukuli. Kenako, chakudya amasuntha mu intestine lapansi. mtembo wake anaponyedwa kunja mwa cloaca (chotulukira).

Kodi kudyetsa anthu chilengedwe m'madzi? Chisankho chiri lonse:

• nsomba zamiyendo Inayi kudya algae ndi zomera za m'madzi. Ena kudya ndi zomera (monga carp).
• nsomba zolusa umagwiritsa zomera, mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, molluscs, nkhanu ndipo, ndithudi, zina nsomba ang'onoang'ono.
• Ena nsomba kusintha makonda awo kukoma kwa moyo Mwachitsanzo, ali mwana kudya okha zomera, komanso munthu wamkulu - nsomba zina zing'onozing'ono. Pali zolusa nsomba chakudya ectoparasites yekha. Iwo kusankha kusaka malo "okonza" ndi kudya ndi matupi a nsomba parasitized.

Dongosolo excretory nsomba

Zochita za superclass Pisces sangakhale kwathunthu popanda ikulongosola za machitidwe excretory limba. Moyo mu madzi amachititsa nsomba zingapo mavuto ndi osmoregulation. Komanso, mavuto izi sizachilendo kwa onse madzi ndi saltwater nsomba zofanana. nsomba Cartilaginous ndi ISO-osmotic. Mchere ndende mu thupi lawo ndi poyerekeza sing'anga ozungulira. Kuthamanga osmotic ndi equalized chifukwa okhutira mkulu wa urea mu mwazi wa nsomba ndi trimetilaminoksida. Low mchere ndende chichereŵechereŵe kalasi amathandiza chifukwa ntchito thumbo England ndi impso excretion salt.

Bony nsomba si isoosmotic. M'kupita kwa zinthu, io kukhala limagwirira amene retards kapena outputting ayoni. Biology chordal mtundu amathandiza nsomba linanena bungwe mu Nyanja ya Mchere kunja. Ichi ndi chifukwa nsomba kutaya madzi. Mankhwala enaake ayoni ndi ayoni ndi sodium outputted makutu, ndi magnesium ndi sulfates - impso.

nsomba madzi oyera ndi limagwirira zosiyana. Ndende mchere mu thupi la zolengedwa kuposa chilengedwe. Izi kuthamanga osmotic ndi equalized ndi kusakonda yambiri urea n'kuulanda ayoni zolunjika kuchokera makutu amadzimadzi danga.

Superclass Pisces: mmene chulutsa?

Nsomba nazo mitundu yambiri kuswana. Tiyeni tione aliyense wa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

1. Bisexual kubalana - mawonekedwe ambiri. Mu nkhani iyi, amuna ndi akazi awiri anasiyanitsidwa nsomba bwino. Kawirikawiri izo konse ndi maonekedwe awo (mwachitsanzo, mtundu). Nthawi zambiri, yachiwiri makhalidwe kugonana ndi amuna. Iwo akhoza zimapezeka mu kusiyana pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi kukula thupi, kusiyana pakati pa ziwalo (mwachitsanzo, chipsyepsye yaitali). Amuna ndi kubalana bisexual akhoza kukhala monogamous, mitala kutsogolera kapena osasamba kulankhulana wachisokonezo (chiwerewere).
2. Androgyny - mu izi nsomba kugonana moyo amatha kusintha. Protoandrii Kilisitu ndi amuna, ndiye akazi ndi wa kusintha kwa thupi. Protogyny - mawonekedwe androgyny, pamene amuna onse otembenuka akazi.
3. Gynogenesis - njira kubalana kwa mitundu akuimira okha ndi akazi. Kumachitika kawirikawiri mu chirengedwe.

Nsomba ziberekane mwa kubadwa moyo, ndi yaytserozhdeniya ovoviviparity.

Maphunziro a Bone Nsomba

Superclass Pisces anawagawa m'magulu awiri: cartilaginous ndi Bony nsomba.

Bony nsomba - gulu lalikulu kwambiri inakhala. Pali oposa 19,000 mitundu. Awo Bony mafupa. Nthawi zina, mafupa akhale chichereŵechereŵe, koma ndiye zina mphamvu. Nsomba Bony ndi chikhodzodzo kusambira. Mu gulu ili, oposa 40 mayunitsi. Ndiuze zambiri za ochuluka kwambiri.

• Nsombazi kumuwombera zikuphatikizapo wakale Bony nsomba monga Nsombazi, beluga, Nsombazi. Akusiyana zilipo ikhale pamphuno ndi pakamwa pa mbali ventral za thupi. Pakamwa ali maonekedwe a kudula yopingasa. Maziko a mafupa a - chichereŵechereŵe. Sturgeons moyo okha kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi.
• Clupeiformes kumuwombera - ndi nyanja sukulu nsomba kudya zomera. Hering'i, hering'i, sardines, anchovies - nsomba malonda. Iwo chiikire mazira pa nthaka kapena algae.
• Salmoniformes kumuwombera - madzi oyera nsomba zimaswana pansi. Amapezeka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Zili zofunika malonda nsomba ndi nyama zokoma ndi caviar. oimira Ofunika - nsomba, chum nsomba, pinki nsomba, mumapezeka nsomba, zofiirira mumapezeka nsomba.
• Malamulo carps - ndi madzi oyera nsomba popanda mano pachibwano. Chakudya iwo wosweka mano pharyngeal. Detachment zikuphatikizapo nsomba malonda (roach, bream, Ling, ide) ndi nsomba kuwetedwa mu malo (carp, carp, crucian siliva).
• Detachment lungfish - chipani wamkulu. Kupuma makutu ndi kuwala (dzenje protrusions pa khoma la kholingo). Iwo ndinazolowera amakhala m'mayiko otentha komanso kuyanika mchere. Bright oimira dongosolo - ndi lungfish Australia ndi Queensland Lungfish South America.

nsomba cartilaginous

Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa nsomba cartilaginous ndi Bony lagona pa kapangidwe mafupa, kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa gill chimakwirira ndi kusambira chikhodzodzo. Maphunziro a nsomba cartilaginous anapereka okhala nyanja, amene moyo wonse cartilaginous mafupa. Popeza palibe kusambira chikhodzodzo, anthu a kalasi ya yogwira kusambira kuti kumira. Kodi Nsombazi kukamwa ali mawonekedwe a mipata yopingasa, pali ikhale pamphuno.

nsomba Cartilaginous zikuphatikizapo detachment awiri okha. Iwo Nsombayi ndi kunyezimira. Nsombayi ndi oponya woboola pakati mawonekedwe thupi - iwo ali yogwira osambira ndi ogwirira zoopsa. nsagwada awo amphamvu tizinthu mano lakuthwa. Mu nkhani iyi, nsombazo waukulu kudya zomera.

Stingrays ndi thupi flattened ndi makutu m'mimba. The zipsepse nsomba kwambiri. Cheza kudya nyama benthic ndi nsomba.

Ntchito kuchuluka kwa nsomba ndi chitetezo awo

nsomba ndi zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu, umene ndi umodzi wa chakudya zofunika. Chaka chilichonse padziko lonse ndi kukolola za 60 miliyoni matani nsomba. Pankhaniyi, koposa zonse anagwira Clupeiformes, m'nyanja zikuluzikulu ndipo nsomba ya makerele.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, nsomba nsomba ndi ndinasintha yafupika. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe mu dziko. M'matangadza ali zatha chifukwa nsomba kwambiri, kuwonongedwa kwa ena nsomba, kuwononga malo spawning, poizoni, zitsulo salt lolemera. Pang'onopang'ono anthu amayenda ndi unmanaged kugwira nsomba munda ndi chinthu malonda.

Bwino kwambiri mu kukula ulimi nsomba mizu kutali mmbuyo mu mbiriyakale. Iwo kudziletsa kulima malonda larva mankhwala malonda. Nsomba zimaŵetedwa ku amatunga yokumba zolinga zosiyana: kudya, kulera, hibernation ndi zina zotero. Palinso amatunga wapadera spawning. Iwo ayenera kukula yaing'ono ndi bwino analimbikitsa.