The Karakum mchipululu (Turkmenistan): kufotokoza, mbali, nyengo ndi chidwi mfundo

Sandy m'chipululu cha Karakum (Turkmenistan) ndi yaikulu kwambiri ku Central Asia ndi imodzi yaikulu pa dziko. m'gawo lake ndilophanuka. Izi ¾ m'madera lonse Turkmenistan. Kodi Karakum chipululu? Limafotokoza dera inali pakati pa m'tsinde mwa Karabil Vanhyza ndi Kopetdag kum'mwera, komanso otsika Khorezm kumpoto kwa dzikolo. Kummawa izo malire ndi gawo la chigwa cha Amu Darya, ndi kumadzulo - ndi kama wa Uzboi.

madera

Karakum - m'chipululu cha Asia motsatizana pafupifupi 800 kukafika pa kufanana ndi 450 Km pamodzi meridian lapansi. Malo onse a kunyanja mchenga ndi makilomita lalikulu oposa mazana atatu ndi makumi asanu. Kuposa kukula kwa mayiko monga Italy ndi UK. N'zochititsa chidwi kuyerekeza Karakum chipululu ndi ofanana formations achilengedwe. Chitekimeni Sand Nyanja ili mu mndandanda waukulu. Amene akufuna kudziwa zimene m'chipululu ndi zambiri - ndi Kalahari kapena Karakum, ndi ofunika muzikumbukira kuti mapangidwe chilengedwe cha Africa ndi pafupifupi kawiri monga yaikulu. Malo ndi makilomita lalikulu 600.

The Karakum chipululu ndi osiyanasiyana mu mtunda ake, dongosolo miyala, nthaka ndi zomera. Pa nkhani imeneyi, asayansi kugawidwa mu South-East, ndi m'zigwa (chapakati) ndi Zaunguz (North) zone. mbali zitatu zimenezi chipululu kusiyanitsa munthu kuchokera pa chiyambi lina, nyengo, ndi digiri ya vuto la zachuma.

North Karakum

Zaunguz wa Chitekimeni mchenga gombe ndi amakezana Geological dongosolo. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mapangidwe kumpoto Karakums zinachitika zaka zoposa miliyoni zapitazo. Ndi gawo lalikulu zapamwamba za m'deralo, ataliatali pa mpumulo wa makilomita 40-50. makonzedwe amenewa amapereka malo kuitana North Karakum chipululu yachonde. Komabe, izi sizolondola chifukwa cha compartmentalization waukulu kwambiri wa woyendera nthambi limene kyry - meridionally elongated zitunda mchenga, kufika msinkhu wa 80-100 m, pakati pa zimene akachita dzenje.

Pansi zikuchitika kumpoto Kara Kum, makamaka mchere. Iwo salola ntchito kwambiri m'dera deta kwa ziweto. Komanso, nyengo chimagwira ntchito zambiri zoopsa kuposa mu mabacteria ena awiri.

Kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Karakum Zaunguz malire ndi bwino anasunga wakale mtsinje wa West Uzbaya. Kum'mwera kwa yomweyi malo achipululu kudulidwa phewa, kutalika amene zimasiyanasiyana mamita 60 160. Izi unyolo curving Shorov, takyrs mabeseni mchenga ukufika wa Amu Darya ndi West adza kwa Uzboi. About kodi izi kuchepa chachinsinsi sakudziwika mpaka pano. Malinga asayansi ena, m'mphepete mwa kulimbikitsa Zaunguz anapanga chifukwa kudzikundikira salt, amene inkaweyulidwa anawononga thanthwe achilengedwe. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti mtunda izi pang'ono wakale wotsalayo kama wa Amu Darya.

South-East ndi pakati Karakum

Mbali zimenezi ndi otsika, ndi okwera msinkhu kukhala mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 50 200 m. Kodi chipululu Karakums apita zone wina ndi mzake, silidziŵika. Ndithudi, malire pakati pa mbali amenewa makonzedwe kwambiri. Koma kutanthauza kuti mwa njanji Tendzhen-Chardzhou.

Malinga ndi malo ake a South-East ndi pakati Karakum kumasiyana ndi zigwa Kumpoto pa kukonza. Izi, ndi kukhalapo mu malo awa wolemera msipu chaka chonse ndipo ambiri madzi m'zitsime analola tima ntchito zingapo mwa mawu a zachuma. Chitukuko cha madera zimenezi kumathandiza kuti nthawi ndi nthawi popanda chisanu ili pafupi ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi kuchuluka mkulu wa kutentha positive.

nyengo

ndi Karakum ndi chiyani? m'dera lalikulu limene pali kusinthasintha zakuthwa misa mpweya diurnal kutentha. Ambiri, nyengo ya chipululu wa chokhala. Komanso, ambiri January kutentha kumpoto chili pa madigiri padziko opanda zisanu, ndi kumwera - kuphatikiza atatu. Mu July, thermometer limatuluka ndi madigiri 28 kuti 34. Nanga chidwi. Chifukwa kusinthasintha tsiku la mpweya Karakum Chipululu ndi imodzi mwa yotentha pa dziko. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti masana ambiri a ziwalo thermometer limatuluka digiri kuphatikiza makumi asanu ndi pamwamba. Monga nthaka, ndiye ali ndi kutentha kwambiri. Nthawi zina kutentha mchenga ukufika madigiri makumi asanu ndi atatu.

Zima kwa Karakum chipululu amakhala ndi frosts kwambiri. Mu nyengo pa pafupi mchenga gombe thermometer akutsikira m'munsimu madigiri makumi atatu.

Koma mpweya, iwo zikusoŵa kwambiri. Pa chaka, kumpoto kwa chipululu chiwerengero chawo ukufika 60 mm, ndi kumwera - 150 mm. Nyengo kwambiri mvula mu Karakum Chipululu ndi zapakati pa November ndi April. Panthawi imeneyi imagwera peresenti makumi asanu ndi mpweya pachaka.

Chiyambi cha dzina

Kumasulira kwa chinenero Chitekimeni "Kara-Kum" amatanthauza "wakuda mchenga". Koma dzina si zizigwirizana choonadi. The Karakum m'chipululu cha wakuda mchenga sakutero. Dzina la mapangidwe zachilengedwezi, zambiri chifukwa chakuti nainte asanu a m'gawo lake mu njira imodzi kapena wina ali ndi zomera, amene m'chilimwe wotaya mtundu wobiriwira. Otsala asanu peresenti ya chipululu - mchenga milu. dzina lawo la Chitekimeni zikumveka ngati "Ha-Kum". Kumasulira, amatanthauza "woyera mchenga".

Pali lina za chiyambi cha dzina la Chitekimeni chipululu. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mawu akuti "wakuda" ndi yophiphiritsira ndipo limatanthauza malo amene si ndinazolowera moyo, osagwirizana munthu.

ofukula zinthu zakale apeza

Ofufuza, ndi m'chipululu Karakum anali wokhalamo anthu mpaka kumbuyo monga wachinayi Zakachikwi BC. Midzi ya mafuko wakale akhala anapeza asayansi mu chitsime pafupi ankadziwana a osati alipo Murghab Mtsinje. Tsambali anakopeka gawo anthu ndipo patapita zaka zambiri. Ngakhale pa mapeto a lachitatu Zakachikwi BC, pamene m'madera ambiri ku Greece kuti India anali amagwidwa ndi chilala ku chitsime ichi cha anthu atabwerera ku Northern Syria ndi kum'mawa Anatolia.

Ngakhale anapeza zofunika kwambiri zinapangidwa ndi asayansi mu 1972 archeological ulendo lotsogoleredwa ndi VI Sarianidi opezeka Karakum chipululu m'mabwinja a mzinda wakale kachisi Gonur Depe, amene anawamasulira kuchokera Chitekimeni amatanthauza "imvi phiri". malo amenewa anali odzitukumula zovuta, anamanga mwala, pakati pa ndilo nsembe kachisi, moto ndi nyumba zina. Pamodzi ndi kukafika kutsogolo kwa nyumba yonse envelopu makoma wandiweyani, pamwamba amene anali nsanja lalikulu. Mu mzinda uwu wa anthu akale analoŵa Margush kulambira moto.

Ziyenera kukhala m'midzi mazana awiri mwapezeka Atapeza kukaona pofukula Gonur Sarianidi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asayansi kuti Margush kale mu tanthauzo lake si wolephera Mesopotamia, Egypt, China kapena India.

Komabe, kumapeto kwa wachiwiri Zakachikwi BC, anthu anafunika kusiya madzi chonde kufunafuna zonse madzi madzi. Sands ndiye chabe chinapululutsa kuda chitukuko kamodzi zamphamvu zimene akatswiri timakonda ndikukhulupirira wonyamula loyamba Chizorowasita.

Baibulo maphunziro

The Karakum chipululu chinapangidwa ndi posachedwapa. Choncho, zaka Zaunguz chiwembu ake ndi za miliyoni zaka. Izi kwambiri zosakwana m'badwo wa Kachikumbu chipululu, umene wakhalapo kwa zaka mamiliyoni 55.

mbali ya kumadzulo ya Karakum ngakhale wamng'ono. Inakhalapo ku steppes a zikwi 2-2,5 yekha. Zaka zapitazo.

Geological pedigree Kodi Karakum chipululu? Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali malingaliro awiri asayansi. Pa mmodzi wa iwo, kuika patsogolo migodi injiniya A. M. Konshinym, m'chipululu mapangidwe zinachitika wakale zouma Aral ndi ya Caspian, zomwe ndi mbali ya mbiri isanayambe Tethys Ocean.

Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa chachiwiri, ndipo malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri Karakum chipululu dera anapanga mwa mitsinje Murghab, Amu ndi ena ambiri, kuti dongo, mchenga ndi mankhwala ena kuwonongedwa kwa miyala zitunda kum'mwera kwa Kopetdag Mountains. Zimenezi zinachitika pa chiyambi cha Quaternary. Panthawi imeneyi, yozizira udasintha modabwitsa kwanyengo ndi oundana thawed chinathandiza chakuti mtsinje wakhala mofulumira ndi zonse loyenda. chiphunzitso ichi chakhala zikutsimikiziridwa ndi Akatswiriwa zina kafukufuku.

Biota

The World Wodabwitsa wa Karakum dzasiya osangalatsa ofufuza amene nthaŵi zonse amafuna kuti mukulitse M'maso mwawo. Sand Nyanja Turkmenistan - ndi malo cholinga uli kokha zomera dzuwa kukoma ndi zomera angathe kukhalira, pakalibe wambirimbiri chinyezi.

Karakum chipululu anasankhidwa mwa mitundu yambiri dazeni osiyana zapoizoni ndi mitundu yoposa chikwi chimodzi arthropods. Omasuka m'dera limeneli amakhala mitundu khumi atatu a mbalame ndi mitundu mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi zomera. M'chipululu, iwo amaona kwawo, kutanthauza kuti pali mmenemo chinachake chachinsinsi ndipo sakudziwika kwa munthuyo.

zomera

Pa madera mchenga wa Karakum kukula zitsamba zosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo, wakuda ndi oyera Haloxylon, Salsola, Ph.D., ndi astragalus. Zikupezekera ndi mthethe mchenga. Udzu chivundikiro m'chipululu kwambiri mpweya sedge, pali saxaul, saltwort, ndi zina ephemeral ammudzi.

M'madera a louma Karakum m'Chigwa kukula zitsamba xerophytic ndi boma zitsamba. Ambiri a iwo alibe chikuto masamba kapena kuponyera pa zosayembekezereka ya chilala.

Mizu ya zomera kukula mu chipululu, nthambi ndi yaitali. Ali kudutsa pansi kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngamila minga. Mizu yake ndi mwakuya mu nthaka mchenga kwa mamita oposa makumi awiri.

zomera chipululu zimafalitsidwa ndi mbewu, omwe amakhala pubescent kapena nawo mapiko chosiyana. nyumba imeneyi facilitates kayendedwe ka mpweya. Ambiri a Karakum zomera chipululu kuchotsa mosavuta, ngakhale akulowa nthaka ikuyenda. Makamaka wolemekezeka tugais. Izi m'nkhalango msondodzi woyera ndi popula, udzu chimphona, bwemba ndi ena zomera chinyezi-wachikondi, amene angapezeke pa magombe a Karakum Ngalande.

dziko nyama

Ambiri mu Karakum Chipululu ndi zomera. Nyama imeneyi ndi bwino ndinazolowera kupulumuka m'madera mchenga. Ambiri a iwo amakonda usiku, ndipo amatha nthawi yaitali popanda madzi. Komanso, nyama angapezeke mu chipululu - othamanga kwambiri. Mosavuta maulendo ataliatali.

Mwa oimira nyama angapezeke mu Karakum chipululu nkhandwe ndi mimbulu, insa, njale, steppe ndi Barchan mphaka, coney ndi nkhandwe-Korsakov. Chokwawa World limaoneka abuluzi ndi mamba, mchenga boa njoka ndi muvi, Agam ndipo akamba steppe. Mu thambo pamwamba pa nyanja mchenga chipululu zouluka akhwangwala ndi larks, jays saxaul ndi mpheta mbalame Bulanov.

Wa invertebrates m'dera limeneli pali zinkhanira phalanx, kafadala ndi akangaude karakurt. Mu Amu Darya, ndi Karakum ngalande ndi malo pali mitundu yoposa makumi asanu nsomba, Pakati pali zamiyendo Inayi carp ndi udzu carp.

m'chipululu mphaka

mwapadera ayenera trot wa Karakum chipululu. Choncho watchulidwa Caracal. Ndipotu, nyama zimenezi ofanana mu makhalidwe awo. Komabe, trot wamba sangathe kupulumuka mu chipululu, pali kumene nkhalango. Pakuti caracal, malo awa ali kunyumba mbadwa. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa. M'chipululu nyama utoto kuwala bulauni mtundu, kuwalola kukhala pafupifupi wosaoneka mwa zitunda za foothill ndi milu ya mchenga. Waukulu chakudya caracal mbalame, makoswe ndi abuluzi.

ndi pakati pa zimene Karakum chipululu, amene ali malo a nyama yochititsa chidwiyi? Iwo ziwembu ku Nyanja Aral kwa Caspian. Koma, mwatsoka, chitukuko cha madera awa zachititsa kuti apululuke chiwerengero cha amphaka chipululu, lero kuthengo pali anthu 300 zokha.

malo Repetek

Ankadziwa ndi nyama ndi zomera za Karakum chipululu, ndi zofunika kuyamba ndi chigawo chapakati cha zone kum'mawa. Ndi apa, pa mtunda wa makilomita 70 kum'mwera kwa tauni ya Chardzhou, mu 1928, wapadera Repetek malo unakhazikitsidwa. ntchito yake yaikulu ndi chitetezo ndi kuphunzira zovuta zachilengedwe, zomwe wolemera mu Karakum chipululu.

Repetek Reserve chimakwirira kudera la mahekitala pafupifupi zaka sate-faifi sauzande, amene mwachidule waukulu mbewu mchenga nyanja Chitekimeni anthu ndi zachilengedwe zake zosiyanasiyana.

ndi chidwi

Mu Karakum chipululu ndi Dzina. Izi ndi ochepa formations mchenga - Karakum - inali ku Kazakhstan. Iwo unali pakati pa nyanja ziwiri - Sassykol ndi Balkhash.

The Karakum chipululu amakopa alendo ambiri moto bwino. Inkakhala pafupi ndi mudzi Darwaza. Izi kale zitsime kufufuza kuti anakomoka chifukwa voids pafupi mobisa.

The Karakum pansi kwambiri. Makamaka kusunga lalikulu ali pafupi Amu Darya nyanza.

The Karakum chipululu anakumba zitsime zikwi makumi awiri. Komanso, madzi chimene zambiri yotengedwa njira wakale, amene anali kuyenda ndi bwalo la ngamila.