The Kara Nyanja: mavuto a zachilengedwe ndi njira zawo. malingaliro katswiri

Umatsuka kufupi ndi gombe la Russian Kara Nyanja pa mapu lili pakati pa Severnaya Zemlya zilumba ndi kuzilumba za Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Ndizabwino kwambiri, pamwamba yozizira koopsa kutentha kwa madzi limatuluka kokha kumene kuyenda mu mitsinje kwambiri Siberia. Pafupifupi chaka chathunthu kuti ali ndi ayezi wandiweyani. Kara Nyanja mozama ndi zazing'ono - zambiri kuchokera mamita makumi atatu zana, pali malo osiyanasiyana pomwe pazipita mamita mazana asanu pansi. Malo - 880 makilomita lalikulu. Resources mu Nyanja Kara ndi zoopsa.

zilumba

Ukadalipo ku dziwe m'dera la Arctic nyanja, ambiri a Nyanja lake Kara lagona pa alumali chokhala, wafala m'zilumba zambiri kwa iye, zomwe zili m'mphepete. Izi ndi mmphepete nyanja, kumtunda. mwanyanja ndi indented ndi kumalo a Nyanja Kara, imene otaya mtsinje, kuchibweretsa icho mpaka makilomita lalikulu zikwi madzi pa chaka. Kupatula pa mwachizolowezi duwa m'nyanja zikuluzikulu ndi Pacific saury, zambiri zamtengo wapatali nsomba pano: mwachizolowezi woyera nsomba, whitefish, Cisco.

Islands kwa Nyanja Kara, ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, ndi chiwerengero chachikulu - kugombe Asian. Waukulu pakati pawo - Shokalski, White, Dixon, Vilkitsky, Russian. Ndipo archipelagos lalikulu - Zokambirana za CEC, ndi Institute Arctic, Sergei Kirov. Kumpoto kwa zilumba za nyanja pang'ono, ndi ang'ono: Wiese, Ushakov, Schmidt. Kara Nyanja pa mapu ndi zovuta kupeza izo chifukwa ili pakati pa zilumba.

pagombe

Pali pafupifupi nthawi zonse mphepo. Choncho, gombe la Nyanja Kara ndi tortuous kuti zikuwoneka makolokoto. Makamaka ndi osiyana nyanja kum'mawa kwa Novaya Zemlya - fjords kwathunthu. Ndipo kumtunda ndi ngati alumidwa - chunks yaikulu izo ndi pansi pa madzi ndi ob Baidaratskaya Mlomo, motero kupanga ndi Yamal Peninsula. Komanso, kumalo lalikulu - Yenisei, Pyasinsky, Gyda. konse ku gombe la Novaya Zemlya - zitunda ndi ovuta, morphological khalidwe la nyanja zimasiyanasiyana kumva kuwawa ndi kudzikundikira ayezi ndi zosiyana kumtunda, kuphwa ndi otsika kunama, ovuta pa gombe yekha m'madera ena.

nyengo

Kusambira dziwe ili mu Nyanja Kara mu Arctic, M'madera a zitunda zake mkulu, pakati pa iye ndi Arctic beseni ndi ubwenzi wolimba kwambiri, kotero nyengo ankhanza, monga chiyenera kukhala chifukwa kumalo ozizira ndi sitima. M'mapiko pakati pa nyanja ya Dziko Latsopano salola mpweya otentha mu Kara ndi mafunde ya Atlantic, ngakhale atagona pafupi ndi Nyanja Barents ndi wotentha kwambiri. Kara Nyanja kutentha nthawi zonse pafupi yozizira koopsa, kumene kulikonse miyezi m'chilimwe mukhoza kupita chisanu.

M'dzinja ndi yozizira ndi apa kuti anapanga anticyclone Siberia, mphepo kumpoto apambana ndipo nthawi zambiri chimphepo. Dziko Latsopano ndi pafupifupi zonse pansi pa mikuntho - otchedwa Novaya Zemlya boron, iliyonse yotha kwa maola angapo kapena masiku angapo. Mu Kara Nyanja Siberia mitsinje kubweretsa theka la madzi onse mu Arctic. Yenisei, ob, Pyasina, Taz ndi Puri, kuphatikiza mitsinje ambiri ang'onoang'ono, bwanji amenewa kwa Nyanja Kara, ndi kutentha kwake ndi makhalidwe ena hydrological.

Kapangidwe ka madzi m'madzi

The madzi nyanja lagawidwa horizontally ku mitundu itatu. The madzi ulemu - Arctic pamwamba amene anagonjetsedwa ndi malo aakulu kwambiri, zimadalira zimene mfundo kuya kwa nyanja Kara ndi mmene madzi anabweretsa kwa mtsinje. Kodi osaya - mpaka mamita mazana awiri, pafupifupi madzi unsalted timazipeza pafupifupi pansi pa nyanja. Kachulukidwe ndi otsika chifukwa chakuti amenewa kwa Nyanja Kara kugwa chifukwa inflow chachikulu cha madzi abwino ndi zimasiyanasiyana asanu peresenti ya Gulf of ob peresenti sate-faifi mu kumpoto. Pasanathe mchere - mofulumira yozizira koopsa. Chozama - madzi ndi mchere wambiri.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa Kara madzi - pakamwa gawo, yomwe ndi wothira kuzifutsa ndi mafunde ozizira nyanja kozizira pamwamba. Analandira madzi a kutentha ndi otsika kachulukidwe chifukwa chosowa mchere umene umapanga wosanjikiza chapamwamba mu saltwater lolemererapo. Ndiye ofukula otaya zigawo kwambiri pang'onopang'ono wosanganiza, koma chapamwamba Zatsala otentha ndi zochepa mchere. Tikumbukenso kuti makhalidwe a Nyanja Kara, chikutanthauza kusintha chaka pa chaka. Madzi kutentha mu July pafupi chakumwera angafikire madigiri atatu ndi kumpoto pansi ayezi pafupi ndi kuzizira pa nthawi iliyonse pachaka - opanda digiri theka.

Pansi pa Nyanja Kara

zimachititsa chilumbachi pansi ndi ngakhale kupsa yekha m'madera chapakati, makamaka Kara kuya nyanja zimasiyana. Kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa, pafupi ku Chile, - mabowo ambiri ndi kutukula pansi pa misanje osiyana. North wa otsetsereka Tambasula kumtunda kwa chapakati phiri Kara, amene kugawana toti awiri: kumadzulo - St. Anne ndi kum'mawa - ufa Voronin. Apa, kwambiri kwambiri. Ndipo maganizo wina (mamita mazana asanu) lili pafupi Dziko Latsopano - Novozemelnaya.

mafunde

Popeza osalimba a madzi ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi pa kuya kwa izo zikukula mu leaps ndi malire, pakati pa zigawo pali mafunde amene akuyesera kuti apindule pachilichonse. mikuntho lekeza amathandizanso ndondomeko izi: pakati pa nyanja ndi kumadzulo zigawo ali osokonezeka kwa yopingasa mu mamita teni mpaka fifitini, koma m'madzi osaya, pakati pa confluence a ob ndi Yenisei, chifukwa desalination zigawo za ofooka limagwirizana - mamita asanu okha. Nyanja Kara wolemera Inde amene kupitirira izo, koma chidwi kwambiri ndi zimene linatseka bwalo yekha am'derali pa nyanja.

Mkati panopa mwachilungamo khola, iwo amadalira kwenikweni kufalitsidwa kwa nyanja loyandikana ndi Arctic beseni. Ndipo, ndithudi, utuluke za mitsinje ikuluikulu kuthandiza kukana izi. Kara Nyanja zophimbidwa mu mphete. Kumadzulo, madzi kuchokera Barents Nyanja kusuntha kwa Yamal kudzera pamavuto kum'mwera kwa Novaya Zemlya, izo anatenga mathithi a otaya ob-Yenisei ndi kumpoto, ndiye misa ichi nthambi madzi, ena anabwerera kum'mwera, kubwerera ku Dziko Latsopano, akudutsa Kara Chipata merges ndi loyamba pa nyanja Barents, ndipo - mu kuzungulira kotsatira.

ayezi chivundikiro

M'dzinja ndi yozizira Kara Nyanja zophimbidwa ndi ayezi, ndi m'chilimwe adzamasulidwa mbali yaing'ono chabe. Mu September, ayezi mapangidwe kumayambira kumpoto, ndi October kale ndi kum'mwera ali ndi ayezi. Kuyambira October kuti May, pafupifupi nyanja - wina ayezi ufumu. Ice osiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro, ndi zaka. Pa magombe a lamulo ayezi kudya. Mu kumpoto, kum'mawa - Mzere apitirize kusala kudya ayezi, pa chilumba White kuti Nordenskiöld Archipelago ndi Severnaya Zemlya.

Mu kum'mwera kumadzulo m'madera ambiri kudya ayezi sipatenga. kum'mwera Komanso akadali koyera ayezi zone kapena wamng'ono ayezi. Izi ochitira bizinesi Yamal ndi Amderminsk polynya, nyanja ndi pakati - ndi ob ndi Yenisei ndi polynya. Zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe ayezi pano. Iye wofuka. The makulidwe pazipita za mamita awiri - ndi wochepa thupi, wamng'ono kwambiri. Novaya Zemlya massif ayezi chimasungunula m'chilimwe pa malopo. Ndipo m'madera kumpoto kwa ayezi nyanja ndi olimba. Iye nthawizonse kumeneko.

Arctic alumali

Tsopano mu nyanja onse pafupi ndi Ocean Arctic, pali kusintha amphamvu mu ayezi chivundikirocho. Nazonso ndipo Nyanja Kara. Russia ali maperesenti oposa makumi asanu kozizira alumali, zimene ziyenera ankafufuza. Kofala kwambiri mthunzi wa ayezi m'mphepete ku gombe m'chilimwe. Thambo yaikulu madzi, amene adakali sayeneranso. Kusintha kwa nyengo, kutentha akubwera, ndipo ndi kusintha ndipo ntchito za anthu mu Arctic. Kara Nyanja ndi khalidwe si nthawi zonse, mwatsoka.

kafukufuku

Choyamba, apa chimphona hydrocarbon madipoziti - Leningrad ndi Rusanovskoe - pa alumali wa chapakati ndi kumadzulo mbali pa nyanja. Choncho, posachedwapa padzakhala mapaipi, zitsime ndi mathanki. topezeka Arctic - si M'madera a zitunda pakati, kumene zotsatira za ngozi iliyonse amachotsedwa, ngakhale kuti n'zovuta. Apa kuli kovuta.

Pa chiyambi cha zolinga chitukuko kumunda zaka khumi, koma nthawi akhoza kwambiri pafupi. Rosneft kale mawu kuti ntchito kukonzekera pa maenje adzapitiriza popanda nawo kampani US ExxonMobil, amene wabizinesiyo ali pa chitukuko anzake a madipoziti anapangidwa pamaso ziletso. Kodi kufukulidwa kuphatikizapo Nyanja Kara.

mavuto a zachilengedwe

Kutenga lalikulu madzi oyera runoff dera, nyanja ndi kusukulutsa zonse aumbike gawo lalikulu la Siberia mafakitale. Choncho, mavuto nyengo zonse, ngozi zonse mafakitale ndi ngakhale onsewa, kudutsa madzi, kodi waikamo mu Arctic. Ndipo pamwamba pa zonse, imagwera mu Nyanja Kara. mavuto Environmental Mukungoyamba. Kuipitsidwa ndi zitsulo kwa madzi a ob ndi Yenisei limakula ndi kudutsa chaka.

mankhwala mafuta

Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto ndi magalimoto nthaŵi zonse waukulu zombo makamaka zotsatira zoipa chilengedwe. Mafuta zakhudzana m'dera lonse lalikulu la gulu lawo. Koma zinyama ndi zomera, amene ali Kara Nyanja, ndi mavuto a zachilengedwe kupha. Ngakhale m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ankaona amtengo kusukulutsa (anayeza midzi zonse unachitikira kufupi Amderma ndi Dixon), koma lalikulu zaperekedwa kwa makampani apanyanja, kale zakhudzana khola. Ndipo amene amadziwa chimene zambiri chimawononga zotsatira pa Nyanja Kara. mavuto malo anathana koma bwino.

Yenisei bambo

Anthu ambiri zitsulo pakamwa wa ob ndi Yenissei ukuwonjezeka onse quantitatively ndi qualitatively. Mkuwa, nthaka, manganese, kutsogolera, tini, chitsulo - uyu si mndandanda wonse wa zinthu ameneyo mu Nyanja Kara. mavuto Environmental ndi kubweretsa yopanga zitsulo ku Norilsk, kuno umayenda ndi kachilombo zipangizo aerosol madzi.

Kuzungulira mzinda uno, mitsinje yonse ndi nyanja ndi kusukulutsa bwinobwino, ngakhale kwambiri, koma otsika kuchokera kuno ku Yenisei Gulf, mtsinje waukulu amalowerera kwambiri anayeretsa mwanjira yozizwitsa.

zinyalala za nyukiliya

Pamwambapa si masoka akuluakulu, amene amavutika ndi Kara Sea. mavuto Environmental kwenikweni anayamba ndi kuipitsidwa nyukiliya. Popeza zaka zao za sikisite zaka mazana makumi awiri kunachitika ambiri pafupi-pamwamba, mpweya, m'madzi ndi mobisa mabomba nyukiliya pa Novaya Zemlya. Chifukwa okha chikhalidwe chowopsya miliyoni khumi curies Cesium 137. Bwanji chuma cha Nyanja Kara - mungathe kungoganiza.

Pa za nthawi yomweyi mu nyanja onse kumpoto pali kukhuthula za mitundu yonse zinyansi nyukiliya. alumali East mu Dziko Latsopano - mbuto ikulu Mwaichi: peresenti makumi zinyalala zonse nyukiliya anasefukira kuno ku khumi akuya mamita mazana anai. kusamala - kwambiri mathanki mwa sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya ndi mafuta anakhala nyukiliya.

Apa timayenera Chombo "Lenin" ndipo muli khumi zikwi ndi katundu oopsa. Ngakhale zonse ulamuliro miyeso ndi satchula muyeso wa msinkhu wa mpweya wa poizoni mu kumalo onse Nyanja Kara, koma zingakhale iwo kubweretsa imfa zamoyo zonse akutali kwambiri ndi malo m'manda.

ayezi pulawo

zaka zambiri mu Nyanja Kara anadzikhuthula magulu awiri amphamvu wa USSR: wamba ndi panyanja nyukiliya zombo. Pali osati muli m'manda, komanso nyumba atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena kuti sangathe zobwezerezedwanso. Zonsezi lagona m'mbali mwa nyanja ya mavuto a Dziko Latsopano. Chirichonse yaikidwa molondola monga momwe angathere. No zolakwika achikhalidwe cha kutentha pa chilumbachi anapezeka mozungulira icho. Komabe, munthu sanayambe wakhoza kumenya nyengo.

maliro yambiri muli m'madzi osaya, ndipo pali nthawi zimachitika ayezi exaration - vypahivanie, mwachitsanzo chiwonongeko cha miyala ayezi pa kama wa glacier. Kudzera glacier gouging afika ufulu ndi kuyamba kusuntha. Pamodzi ndi mankhwala a chiwonongeko. Kodi zimachitikadi: anapanga osati wakuda kwambiri ayezi ku zachiwawa yopuma mkuntho, iye waima chilili hummocks yaikulu - minda wosatha ngati mano akulu.

Kenako mphepo utatha mwachidule ndi mwamphamvu hummocks amaundana pamodzi mu misa yaikulu ayezi, ofanana kukula zosaneneka za khasu. Mphepo kachiwiri. Ndipo patsogolo kachiwiri. Atayima apezeka ndi kupalasa ndi kulima pansi pa madzi osaya kuti akuya mamita khumi. Ndipo mapaipi amene chozama kupitirira mamita khumi ndi khumi ndi ziwiri si kumizidwa, ndi ngozi. Koma ngati pali analima muli ndi zinyalala za nyukiliya - ndiye kuti ndi mantha.