The mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa phata atomiki: chilinganizo, ndi tanthauzo phindu

Aliyense wa mtima atomiki mwamtheradi mankhwala mankhwala iliyonse imakhala akonzedwa enieni mapulotoni neutrons. Ikuchitikira pamodzi ndi chakuti particles azipereka mwa mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa phata atomiki.

Mbali khalidwe la mphamvu ya nyukiliya kukopeka ndi mphamvu zawo kwambiri kwa mtunda wochepa (10 ^-13 cm). Ndi kuwonjezeka mtunda pakati pa particles ndi mphamvu ya kukopa ali wofooka mkati maatomu.

Nkhani pa mphamvu kumanga mu phata la

Ngati ife tiyerekeze kuti pali njira kupatukana limodzi limodzi kuchokera phata, mapulotoni neutrons atomu, ndi kuziika pa mtunda wotero kuti mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa phata atomiki unatha ntchito, kuyenera kukhala ntchito mwakhama. Pofuna kuchotsa ngale ya m'nyanjazi ake atomiki, tiyenera kuyesetsa kuthetsa magulu kwapakati pa-atomiki. Zimenezi nadzaturuka nadzawasankhula atomu pa nucleons ali m'bukuli. Choncho n'zotheka adzaweruza kuti mphamvu ya phata atomiki ndi zosakwana mphamvu particles amene tichipeza.

Ndi wofanana ndi unyinji wa tinthu misa subatomic wa maatomu?

Mu 1919, akatswiri apeza kuyeza unyinji wa phata atomiki. Nthawi zambiri ilo "kulemedwa" mwa zipangizo wapadera luso, ndipo amatchedwa spectrometers misa. Mfundo ntchito zipangizo otere kuti poyerekeza ndi makhalidwe a zoyenda wa particles ndi khwimbi osiyana. Komanso, particles izi chimodzimodzi mlandu magetsi. Asayansi bwanji kuti anthu particles amene mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya misa kuyendera trajectories osiyana.

asayansi amakono apeza molondola kwambiri ambirimbiri mtima onse ndi mapulotoni awo constituent ndi neutrons. Ngati Tikayerekeza kulemera kwa ngale yeniyeni ndi Uwerenge ambirimbiri particles ali mu izo, izo likukhalira kuti pa nkhani iliyonse unyinji wa pachimake ndi lalikulu kuposa misa mapulotoni munthu ndi neutrons. Kusiyana pafupifupi 1% aliyense mankhwala. Choncho Ndizachidziwikire kuti mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa phata atomiki - 1% ya mphamvu ya mtendere wake.

The katundu wa asilikali nyukiliya

The neutrons zomwe zili mkati phata la, amawateteza mzake ndi mphamvu Coulomb. Koma pa atomu yomweyo alibe kugwa. Izi ntchito ndi kukhalapo kwa mphamvu wokongola pakati tinthu maatomu. Mphamvu zimenezi, omwe ndi a chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi mphamvu, wotchedwa nyukiliya. Ndipo mogwirizana kwa neutrons ndi mapulotoni anaitana anzake amphamvu.

Mwachidule, katundu wa asilikali a nyukiliya ali motere:

• Izi ufulu mlandu;
• kutheke yekha pa mtunda waufupi;
• ndi machulukitsidwe, amene anazindikira posungira pafupi wina ndi mnzake yekha nambala inayake ya nucleons.

Malinga ndi lamulo la kusamala mphamvu, pa nthawi imene particles nyukiliya ogwirizana, pali kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu mu mawonekedwe cheza.

The mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa mtima atomiki: chilinganizo

Pakuti kuwerengetsera anatchula ntchito chilinganizo wamba:

E _{B = (Z · mamita tsa + (} Azariya) · mamita N -M _i) · c²

Apa E pansi _kumangako amatanthauza mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa phata la; C - mathamangidwe monsemo; Z ndi chiwerengero cha mapulotoni; (Azariya) - chiwerengero cha neutrons; mamita _tsa amatanthauza unyinji wa purotoni ndi; ndi mamita _N - Unyinji wa nyutironi lapansi. M _ine ndi kulemera kwa phata atomiki.

The mphamvu mkati mwa mtima wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana

Kudziwa mphamvu ya nyukiliya kumangako, ntchito chilinganizo chomwecho. Calculated mfundo kumanga mphamvu monga poyamba anasonyeza, si oposa 1% ya magetsi onse a atomu kapena mphamvu zina. Komabe, kuzionetsetsa pafupi likukhalira kuti nambala iyi ndithu zimasiyanasiyana mu kusintha kwa mankhwala mankhwala. Mukayamba kudziwa makhalidwe ake enieni, iwo adzakhala makamaka osiyana otchedwa mtima kuwala.

Mwachitsanzo, kumanga mphamvu mkati atomu wa hydrogen ndi ziro, chifukwa pali pulotoni imodzi yokha. The mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa mtima helium adzakhala 0,74%. Pa maziko a mankhwala otchedwa tritium, chiwerengero ichi adzakhala wofanana 0,27%. Popanga - 0,85%. Mu phata, ndilo za makumi asanu nucleons mphamvu atomiki kumangako adzakhala za 0,92%. Pakuti mtima ndi kulemera kwakukulu, nambala iyi pang'onopang'ono kuchepa kwa 0,78%.

Kudziwa nyukiliya kumangako mphamvu ya helium, tritium, mpweya, kapena thunthu ina ntchito chilinganizo chomwecho.

Mitundu ya mapulotoni neutrons

Zimayambitsa chachikulu kusiyana amenewa anafotokoza. Ofufuza anapeza kuti nucleons zonse, zimene zili mkati mwa phata la, anawagawa m'magulu awiri: pamwamba ndipo mkati. nucleons Internal - ndi amene amacheza ndi mapulotoni zina ndi neutrons kuchokera kumbali zonse. pamwamba wazunguliridwa ndi iwo okha kuchokera mkati.

The mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa phata atomiki - mphamvu umaonekera kwambiri pa nucleons mkati. Chinachake njira zofanana ndipo kumachitika pamene pamwamba mavuto zakumwa zosiyanasiyana.

Kodi nucleons ambiri mu phata la aikidwa

Anapeza kuti chiwerengero cha nucleons mkati makamaka otsika mu otchedwa mtima kuwala. Ndipo anthu za gulu la kuwala, pafupifupi onse nucleons ndi amatengedwa ngati zikundiyendera. Akukhulupirira kuti mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa phata atomiki - ndi kuchuluka kuti ayenera kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulotoni neutrons. Koma ngakhale kukula kumeneku akhoza mpaka kalekale. Munthu wina chiwerengero cha nucleons - ndipo 50 60 - akubwera kugwira ntchito mphamvu ina - repulsion awo magetsi. Kumachitika ngakhale kaya mphamvu kumanga mu phata la.

The mphamvu ankameteramo ubweya wa phata atomiki mu zosiyanasiyana ntchito ndi asayansi kuti kumasula mphamvu za nyukiliya.

Asayansi ambiri nthawi zonse chidwi funso: kodi mphamvu pamene mtima mbandakucha angakondwere nazo zosakaniza mu ankawonjezereka? Ndipotu zimenezi ndi ofanana fission atomiki. Mu ndondomeko ya maphatikizidwe wa mtima kuwala, basi monga izo zimachitika mu pogawanikana pamawere a mtima katundu nthawi zonse anapanga mtundu wamphamvu. Kuti "apeze" kwa mtima kuwala nucleons zonse ziri momwemo, muyenera amaika zochepa mphamvu kuposa amene waima panja pamene iwo amaphatikizidwa. Mawu kukambirana choona. Ndipotu, kaphatikizidwe wa mphamvu imene imagwera pa yeniyeni unit wa misa, kungakhale kutchula fission mphamvu.

Asayansi anaphunzira njira fission

The ndondomeko ya fission nyukiliya anapeza asayansi Hahn ndi Shtrasmanom mu chaka cha 1938. Mwa mpanda wa University Berlin wa ofufuza mankhwala anapeza kuti mu ndondomeko ya ureniamu bombardment nyutironi wina, izo n'kukhala zinthu mbandakucha, ataima pakati pa tebulo nthawi.

A chopereka chachikulu ndi chitukuko cha munda wa nzeru anapanga ndi Liza Meytner, amene zigawenga kamodzi akufuna kuphunzira mpweya wa poizoni pamodzi. Hahn Meitner analoledwa ntchito kokha pa chikhalidwe chimene izo kafukufuku awo chapansi simudzalola kukwera m'zipinda za pamwamba, chomwe chinali chakuti kusalana. Komabe, sanaleke kuti tikwaniritse patsogolo kwambiri pa maphunziro a phata atomiki.