The New silika Road: njira, chiwembu, lingaliro

M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi kukula mofulumira chuma China asiya mu mayiko amphamvu a. Mkubwela kwa utsogoleri watsopano kutsogoleredwa ndi XI Jinping, China anasiya kubisala mfundo yachilendo ake zokhumba. ntchito pa chilengedwe cha Chatsopano silika Road - ndi zomveka kupitiriza malamulo a China zisakuyenda bwino. Njira yoyamba kwa kukwaniritsidwa kwa maloto ndi atengedwa kale: kupereka ndalama, anagwirizana mapangano ndi mayiko kiyi. Ndondomeko ali adani ochepa mwa akuluakulu mphamvu dziko. Agwire ntchitoyo, China kusankha osati chiwerengero cha mavuto mkati, komanso bwanji chithunzi zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Kodi Chatsopano silika Road?

dongosolo chachikulu

Si kale, Minister okhonda Wang Yi ali anafotokozera za mfundo za mu ndondomeko ya China ndi maiko ena akunja "Lamba wina - maloto", malinga ndi zomwe munakonza yomanga ku New silika Road ku Asia ku Europe. Kumayambiriro 2014, mutu wa China XI Jinping anapereka ndale kulengedwa kwa silika Road. ntchito chikuyembekezeka kupanga yaikulu woyendera nthambi umodzi zachuma, wopangidwa mwa zomangamanga m'mayiko ambiri. Latsopano silika Road kudutsa ku Central Asia, Russia, Belarus, Europe. Nyanja njira adzatuluka mu Perisiya, Nyanja Mediterranean ndi Indian Ocean. Takambirana njira ndi njirazo wa maiko African.

China ati aganyali mu ntchito ndalama zoposa biliyoni 40 ku thumba lapadera. $ 50 biliyoni kale allocated kwa Development Asian Bank. ndalama adzakhala ndalama pa ntchito yomanga njanji, madoko ndi maofesi ena, kupanga mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko nawo. Resource Wantchinatimes kutamandidwa China okwana ndalama mu zankhaninkhani, 22.

Kuyesa kutsitsimutsa silika Road watengedwa Europe ndi US. China anapempha lingaliro limeneli m'chaching'ono, koma zambiri mwachita kukhazikitsa izo. Chifukwa cha chidwi njira zopezera ndalama ndi "mokwiya zofewa zachuma" adzatha kupanga pasenjala otetezedwa, kuti ntchito m'mayiko ambiri. Lero, China amagwira kukambirana ntchito zomangamanga yomanga ndi maiko nawo. chiwembu More enieni latsopano silika Road, ndi zotsatira za zokambirana protracted adzakhala analengeza mu mochedwa March pa Boao (kum'mwera Chinese m'chigawo cha Hainan) Forum.

Lingaliro la silika Road

Lero, China amapereka msika dziko la makina, zipangizo, magetsi ndi mankhwala zamakono. mizere mkulu-liwiro m'litali (16 000 km), dziko tithe yoyamba padziko lonse. The wakale silika Road anali yekhayo Chinese zoyendera kulowera. Today China akulengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo mayiko a zachuma.

kanthu kugwirizanitsa ndi "zone zachuma" ndipo «XXI Century Maritime silika Road" ikuchitika mu chimango cha "Lamba wina - njira imodzi" pulogalamu. Lingaliro la New silika Msewu kukhazikitsa dongosolo ndi thandizo la zinthu zisanu zogwirizana:

• zomangamanga limodzi;
• kugwirizana ndale;
• ndalama ndi chuma utuluke;
• Mugone malonda;
• kulankhulana anthu.

Pa mfundo imeneyi, zokwawa amagwirizana kwambiri, kumapangitsanso kukhulupirirana pakati pa maiko kukhala pazachuma ndiponso kulolerana chikhalidwe. Kukhazikitsa ntchito wonse zinakonzedwa pa njira zitatu:

• "China - Central Asia - Russia - Europe".
• "China - Central ndi West Asia".
• "China - Asia Southeast - Asia South".

Latsopano silika Road. njira

The lonse polojekiti ndi chidwi osati mawu a ndalama, komanso ku mawonedwe a chirengedwe. Lonse "njira" lagawidwa maulendo awiri (by dziko ndi nyanja). Land kumayambira Xi'an (Shaanxi Province), kudutsa lonse la China, ayenera kukhala mumzinda wa Urumqi, ndi mitanda ndi mayiko a ku Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey. Komanso, mwa Bosphorus kukhala kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, ku Russia. Latsopano silika Road, njira yomwe adzadutsa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ku Ulaya zichokera Rotterdam ku Italy.

Osati zochepa odzitukumula njira nyanja akuyamba mu mzinda wa Quanzhou (prefecture Fuztsyan), ayenera kukhala mwa mzinda waukulu kum'mwera, mwa Malacca Khwalala, kubwera ku Kuala Lumpur. Kufika Indian Ocean, ndi anaima Calcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), ndi Maldives, adza kwa Nairobi (Kenya). Kenako, njira chimadutsa Nyanja Yofiira Djibouti mwa Suez Canal kukhala Athens (Greece) mu Venice (Italy) ndi merges ndi nthaka ndi silika.

mavuto a zachuma "njira"

Monga amagulitsa waukulu China makamaka motengera chuma padziko lonse. Malinga Zoneneratu, mu chimango cha silika Road chikuyembekezeka zankhaninkhani, 21 madola zolowa pa chaka, zomwenso zingawonjeze gawo la China ku GDP dziko mpaka 50%.

Zikuoneka kuti Chatsopano silika Road, pomanga umene uli kale yofuna, adzakhala kufika otaya zogulitsa kunja kwa katundu ndi likulu m'chigawo akhalebe kufikira posachedwapa kumbuyo malonda. M'zaka zapitazi, China amagwira mogwirizana ndi maiko Asian. Ndalama allocated makampani Chinese boma akumeneko ali M'mayiko ambiri osauka, pafupifupi kuthekera okha zinthu paokha mwa mphamvu kwambiri.

Kuyambira mfundo chuma view, ndi profitability polojekiti kuti China ndi kuchepetsa ndalama mmene kukumana. M'mayiko chiwalo cha silika Road - mu kukopa ndalama zina. Chitsanzo cha mgwirizano woterowo pamaziko a ndalama China ndi iHavan ntchito mu Maldives (m'tsogolo ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri pa mapu m'madzi silika Road).

mavuto dera

pamaso China a ku Central Asia ndi Africa si za chikhalidwe mwangwiro zachuma. Maiko oyandikana kwa PRC akhala patsogolo andale ndi azachuma mtendere wa zigawo malire: East, Central ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Tifotokozereni waukulu kufala kwa mliriwu Chinese chuma wakhala chinthu cha "China chilichonse." Kuchepetsa vuto kuti "ayi" zakonzedwa ndi thandizo la "mphamvu zofewa" njira, kulimbitsa chikoka chikhalidwe China. chiwerengero cha ana m'dera Asian, ophunzira ku mayunivesite Chinese, amasonyeza digiri ya malowedwe a chikhalidwe Chinese.

China a mphamvu chitetezo zimatengera pamankhwala ake apanyanja ndi pamtunda silika Road. Monga importer dziko lonse la mphamvu, China ndi 100% amadalira katundu m'madzi. oukira "mafuta embargo" nthawi zonse utapachikika mphamvu. US njira anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito ndi Japan nkhondo isanayambe.

Latsopano silika Road adzabweretsa pamodzi m'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo adani US (Russia, Pakistan, Iran). States maphwando ndi njira akhoza kukhala yofunika zandale. Zofunika ntchito zokhudzana kulengedwa kwa silika Road, ndi kuteteza ndalama Chinese. Kudzera zinthu malonda olamulidwa ndi PRC, zikhoza anazindikira osati malonda, komanso zolinga odana ndi zigawenga. Nthawi zambiri pamaoneka atolankhani za khalidwe la zokambirana kukhazikitsa Chinese zopezera zapansi usilikali "chingwe cha ngale" mu Indian Ocean.

amadza Project pa ndale mkati mwa China

Major ntchito padziko lonse akhala patsogolo, ndi ndale mkati mwa China. Latsopano silika Road kudzakuthandizani kuthetsa angapo mavuto mkati.

1. Ovomereza-Chinese nthawi zachuma ndi opindulitsa ntchito ndalama ndi kubwerera mkulu ndalama ndi Pomalizira opindulitsa.
2. Adapyola Western China, lamba azipereka kwa pothetsa mavuto a chitukuko m'goli la dziko, chikhalidwe ndi chuma kusakanikirana m'madera kumadzulo.
3. Yomanga maofesi a zomangamanga - gwero la ntchito yatsopano boma la makampani PRC kuti ndi olimba anthu ogwira ntchito.

Central Asia ndi Russia

Russia ndi ku Central Asia, kaphatikizidwe wa East ndi West ndi wofunika China ndi polumikizira mitsempha. Lero, China - fakitale dziko. Ganizo ntchito ku Central Asia ku zofuna za chuma, iwo ankaona kuyambira Soviet Union chinatha. Kenako anayamba ntchito pulogalamu malangizo izi: Shanghai Cooperation Organization, kuukitsa funso mgwirizano zachuma. Zinali zofunika osati agwirizane zinthu zoweta chuma, komanso kukonzekera kulowera ku Ulaya kudzera ku Central Asia ndi Russia.

Osati kwambiri, kumene kudzachitike Chatsopano silika Road: Mulimonsemo adzakhala zikuluzikulu "kugwedeza mmwamba" wa zomangamanga Central Asia ndipo kwambiri kumapangitsanso katundu magalimoto ku China. The bwino njira za yogwirizanitsa ndi kukhazikika, zotheka pa silika Road, zatsimikiziridwa mbiri yakale. Coups, nkhondo pakati pa mitundu kumuchititsa pang'ono panyanja - kuti kupanda akumufuna. zoyesayesa wotsatira kuyambiranso njira popanda kuyanjana ndi maiko oyandikana, kapena sizinathandize.

Central Asia wakhala dera zinthu Russian. Mgwirizano wa China ndi Russian Federation - funso m'malo zovuta. Si bwino, monga momwe polojekitiyi silika Road pa Union miyambo ndi SCO. Zikudalira udindo wa Kazakhstan, malo dera la Asia Central.

udindo Russia mu polojekiti

Pa wakale silika Road, China anali amagulitsa yekha. njira zamakono kuchokera kuloŵedwa m'malo, ndi wolemekezeka ndendende mwa chikhumbo kusakanikirana. Pa nkhani Moscow, nthawi yoyamba China ali anapereka Russia ntchito zachuma kulowera zomangamanga zolinga malonda. Russia Zikuoneka kuti athe madoko pa Chatsopano silika Road, ndipo nawo polumikizira katundu. Kumene, momwe China zochimwazo kumathetsa imodzi ya ntchito zofunika kwambiri - ndi kutsogolera chitukuko ndi kulolerana mu chuma mayiko a m'madera akumadzulo.

Russia pa Chatsopano silika Road mpaka limapezeka bwenzi yekha, katundu zipangizo, polumikizira. Pa chitukuko cha "njira" amafunika njira kwathunthu. Boma, mapulani makampani makampani payekha si kokwanira, muyenera wogwirizana dongosolo njira. Ndiyamika China amakuonani ndi chithunzi zabwino kwa ntchitoyo, koma zinthu kwenikweni zambiri zabwino kwa Russia.

Utatha wa USSR, ife tapita ku Central Asia ndi kuthetsa mavuto mkati. China aphatikizire anakhazikitsa Shanghai Cooperation Organization. limati Small akhagopa China, choncho chitetezo anali pa ankafuna kukambirana. China anadzutsa nkhani zachuma zokhudza ufulu wochita malonda, malire lotseguka. SCO adzakhala monopolist m'derali, ngati si mapangidwe Union Eurasian Economic, amene anasonyeza kuti Russia komanso ali ndi njira mapulani kwa Asia Central. Masiku ano, SCO ndi EAEC ndi ntchito kokha ku Central Asia, ndipo chachiwiri ziyembekezo zambiri zachitukuko, kotero China ndi kukambirana.

XI Jinping analengeza bwana zingapo kugwirizana m'dera tsogolo zachuma ndi EAEC. Ganizo inatheka chifukwa Vladimir Putin. Pulezidenti ankaona kuti ntchito pamodzi adzakhala kutsogolera kwambiri kwa ntchito zachuma m'gawo la Europe ndi ku Asia. ntchito ophatikizana adzakhala zochokera SCO, amene amabweretsa China ndi udindo waukulu.

Choyesera akuyembekezera ku Russia

Latsopano silika Road ntchito azipereka kwa kuwonjezeka kwa malonda ndi chitukuko cha mwini onse m'dziko ndi mayendedwe m'madzi Intaneti wake wa Russia. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kulenga conjugate zomangamanga. Lero, boma la Russia adzapulumutsa bajeti, kuphatikizapo mabala kumbuyo ndalama allocated yomanga.

Russia kugwirizana njira lonse zimadalira mlingo wa chitukuko cha zomangamanga dziko sitima. Izo zinakonzedwa kuti latsopano silika Road kudzera Russia adzapita ku Middle, Urals Kumwera ndi kumpoto m'madera dera, kumene yomanga njira kumpoto latitudinal. Kutheka woitanira mzere kudutsa mu mzere wa "Pakati pa Usiku - ob" kwa Kazakhstan ndi China. Severnyy Ural akhoza Integrated mu "njira" mwa nyanja kapena mtunda, koma kuti akwaniritse zinthu wamakono yakumadzulo / anthu d ukonde.

Transport Mtumiki Sokolov, funso anaukitsidwa za wamakono wa Bam ndi Trans-Siberia Railway, zimene kulenga mkulu-liwiro yakumadzulo / anthu d khwalala "Moscow - Beijing", koma ndalama si kuyembekezera. Mu 2015, malinga ndi dongosolo, ndi Trans-Siberia ndi Baikal-Amur Mainline ndalama anali kukhala zosachepera biliyoni 21 rubles. Ndipotu allocated biliyoni 16.

Limodzi likhale Russia wa options mu New silika Road anakana pamodzi ndi kuchotsa ntchito pa ntchito yomanga Crimea doko. Crimea akhale malonda njira m'munsi ndi mfundo yatsopano njira kuitanira malonda ku Ulaya. Silika Road pa dziko Mulimonsemo adzadutsa wina wa maiko a ku Ulaya, kumene n'zosavuta kuti tifulumizane kusintha mphamvu ndi loko polumikizira. Mwachitsanzo, Southern otaya amasiya Bulgaria. Kapezekedwe ka m'munsi malonda mu Crimea adzalola kuti kufika otaya katundu mwa dziko.

Latsopano silika Road yolambalalitsira Russia

Ukraine analengeza cholinga chake kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchitoyi "silika Road" ngati mkhalapakati kwa katundu ku China kwa Europe. Malinga Mikheil Saakashvili, utuluke malonda ndi yabwino kwambiri kuti atumizidwe ku doko Ilyichevsk monga mmene kukumana kudzera ndi zosaposa 9 masiku, ndi ku Russia - masiku 30. Saakashvili ananenetsa kuti ntchito yayambika kale pa kumanga misewu mu EU, mwa Dniester estuary ndi ikumangidwa mlatho lalikulu.

China kale zayamba hemayo kugwiritsa ntchito zosinthika zikuluzikulu za njira: Kazakhstan - Azerbaijan - Georgia - Turkey. Ku China, anyalanyaza m'dera la Russia anafika mayeso chidebe sitima Nomadexpress, otsiriza 3500 kukafika mu masiku asanu - kudzera Kazakhstan, ndi Caspian Nyanja siteshoni Kishly (pafupi Baku). Njira yachiwiri ya Chatsopano silika Road anadutsa Iran, wachitatu (pa dera la Russia kuti Moscow ndi St. Petersburg) likupitirirabe zokambirana. Njira otsiriza zambiri zaphindu: ndi wamfupi kusiyana ndi ena awiri. Komanso, Russia, Belarus ndi Kazakhstan ali m'gulu la EAEC. Funso mbali Russian ntchitoyo anali anathana nthawi yaitali, kulengeza pangano yosainidwa mu May 2015.

Yankho ndi "ufulu" China amaona amavomereza. Kazembe Chinese ananena kuti mabanki Chinese ali okonzeka kuti aganyali $ 20 biliyoni mu zomangamanga a Ukraine. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pali latsopano silika Road yolambalalitsira m'dera la Chitaganya cha Russia? Ife tikuyembekezera ndi kuwona. N'zoonekeratu kuti China akulingalira zingapo zimene mungachite njira, monga m'mbuyomu.

Malangizo "Kazakhstan - Russian Federation - Belarus 'kwambiri n'kopindulitsa China, koma Russia wakhala si limodzi ndi" New silika Road "Lingaliro ndi kuteteza awo zokhudzana ndi EAEC. Ukraine kwenikweni yabwino gulu la zoyendera koma si oyenera ndalama yaikulu chifukwa cha Kusakhazikika ake. masewera China ndi "Square" analimbitsa mphamvu China mu zokambirana ndi la Russia. Kumene, njira "Kazan - Moscow - St. Petersburg ..." pa silika Road ayankhidwa.