Chikhalidwe Chinese

Mozungulira kuyambira 1871, akatswiri, Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe, asayansi kulenga classifications osiyana zikhalidwe, umene mapeto, anaonekera mu dongosolo chakale, umene 164 chodabwitsa m'mbiri ya anthu kugwa pansi macroscopic tanthauzo la chikhalidwe. Izi mgwirizano wa chuma chauzimu, cholowa cha anthu, olengedwa mwa njira ya chitukuko mbiri ndi chikhalidwe. Makamaka kwambiri ndi zokhudza zinthu zauzimu, monga mabuku, zojambulajambula, sayansi, nzeru.

chikhalidwe Chinese - Zhonghua Wenhua, umatchedwanso Huaxia Wenhua (Huaxia - dzina la kale la dziko) - chodabwitsa wapadera amene akuimira ya mbali zakutizakuti Chinese: maganizo, nzeru, maganizo, ndi chimake pa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndale, zojambulajambula, mabuku, kupenta , nyimbo, masewera a karati, zakudya.

Atatu mbali zofunika kwambiri zimaonetsa izo - kalekale, kupitiriza ndiponso kulolerana.

Ndithudi, wamkulu m'mbiri ya anthu, alipo zaka zoposa 5,000. chikhalidwe Chinese ndi analimbikitsa ku magwero atatu: Yellow Mtsinje chitukuko chitukuko cha Wamkulu Mtsinje (Yangtze), kumpoto steppe chikhalidwe.

Patsalanso zikutsatiridwa kuyambira penipeni. Mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi, ambiri chitukuko, wotchuka zikhalidwe wolemera, koma sanakhale ndi moyo kwa nthawi yathu, mosiyana China.

zinthu zakunja mogwirizana kutengera chikhalidwe Chinese. Mu mbiri ya China Sikunakhalepo nkhondo zikuluzikulu pa malo achipembedzo. zipembedzo zitatu (Chibuda, Islam, Christianity) mwaulere anagawira pa gawo la ufumuwo.

Chikhalidwe cha dziko lino kuti m'kagulu m'magulu awa: osankhika, wakale, amakono, ndi wowerengeka.

Osankhika Chinese chikhalidwe - mtundu wa thematic. Iwo amagwirizana ndi otchuka mu zochitika za dziko, amene athandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko.

chikhalidwe wakale wa China, ndilo gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe Chinese ambiri, wachinsinsi ndi nthawi (kapena mafumu) kuyambira ulamuliro wa achepetse atatu a Xia, Shang, Zhou ndi pamaso 1840 (chiyambi cha woyamba Opium nkhondo). Komanso mu mzere ndi mbali lililonse: mwambo Chinese wa Zilembozo zinkasonyeza, kupenta, nyimbo za zisudzo, maphunziro, nzeru, zachuma, sayansi, ndale ndi zina zotero.

Mibadwo ofufuza amavomereza kuti masiku ano mphamvu chuma dziko zimadalira chakuti China kalelo anali Ngokhoza kulenga ndi kusunga chikhalidwe kwambiri, chifukwa cha anthu Mipikisano mitundu kumene bata ndi mogwirizana.

Mu China, kunyumba kwa magulu 56 mitundu, aliyense wa iwo ali chake, nthawi amalemekezeka, ndipo chikhalidwe. Folk nyimbo, kuvina, miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro, nthano, luso ndi mamangidwe.

Zakale ndi zamakono chikhalidwe ukugawa mwazaka kuyambira Opium nkhondo pakati pa Britain ndi China nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Qing Mafumu (1636-1911). Wosaiwalika mu gulu limagwirizana ndi chiyambi cha mbiri ya makono ya dziko, nthawi yoyamba panali kulowelera mu zochitika zake mkati mwa limati yachilendo.

Contemporary Chinese chikhalidwe - ndi "mwana wa magazi wosanganiza," ndi "maphunziro" olowa ndi miyambo Western.

ndi quintessence chikhalidwe Chinese chiyani?

1. Choyamba, ndi mwambo Confucius, omwe amaonedwa kuti chimaonetsera chikhalidwe Chinese. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nzeru pambuyo Confucius ndi Confucius anali tanthauzo tingachipeze powerenga za "Lee".

"Li" si chinthu zenizeni, koma lingaliro umboni, amatanthauza aliyense wa ntchito yolembedwa zokhudza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku amene ali mofananira kuti Western ndinaganiza mfundo cha "chikhalidwe". Izi chikhalidwe miyambo, mapembedzedwe, miyambo, zodyera ndi ulemu. Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti ngakhale mawu akuti "ngati" likumasuliridwa kuti "mwambo", ilo liri nalo tanthauzo mwapadera Chikomfyushani (zotsutsana ndi mfundo mwachizolowezi achipembedzo). Mu Chikomfyushani zochita pamoyo amaonedwa mwambo. Iwo sikuchititsa kuti bungwe, koma ndi ndondomeko wabwinobwino, wonyong'onya, makina ntchito anachita, chinachake chimene anthu bwino kapena mosadziwa kuchita pa moyo zawo. Miyambo ( "Lee") bungwe anthu kukhala abwino, zomwe ndi mbali ina ya cholinga chachikulu cha Chikomfyushani.

2. Basic mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, anakonza Mencius, amene amanena kuti pali titadziwa ubwino wa anthu quality, zomwe nzofunika chabe zabwino zimakhudza anthu.

3. Chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe chikondi Mo Tzu.

4. Tao ndi Te - awiri Mfundo za Philosophy wa Lao-tzu.

5. maganizo pankhani ya akalumikidzidwa wa Han Fei.

Sitingawerenge onsewa anayamba potengera zomwe anapeza za chapadera wa munthu ndi chikhalidwe. Culture wauzimu wa China amachokera zosiyanasiyana miyambo ndi akatswiri maganizo. Pamene mafumu woyamba mu moyo wachipembedzo zinakhudza kwambiri kukhulupirira mizimu. maganizo ake mukopedwe mawonetseredwe pambuyo chikhalidwe monga mwambo wa makolo ndi nzeru achilengedwe.