The topezeka wa meadows. Ogula ndi mbali mwa zinthu zachilengedwe dambo

Topezeka - lingaliro kuti amati dongosolo ubale pakati uliwonse wa zamoyo, inakula malo ( "oikos" (m'Chigiriki) -. "Akukhala" ndi "dongosolo").

Choncho, pamene tiganizira za ubale pakati pa zomera, nyama, ndi majeremusi, mabakiteriya okhala dambo danga, tinganene kuti zonse izi - ndi topezeka wa meadows.

Natural m'chilengedwe: systematization m'magulu

Iwo akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika motere:

1. Ground - Titafika pamalo, nayonso, nkhalango mitundu udzu, chipululu.

2. Madzi abwino - mitsinje, nyanja, Madamu, zithaphwi, m'madambo madzi.

3. sitima - Ocean alumali, kutuluka (m'madera ndi sonyezani mwa madzi akuya nyanja), estuary (mkamwa mwa mitsinje loyenda mu nyanja ndipo nyanja), ndi miyala.

Umodzi kungakhale kukula zotsatirazi:

• yaying'ono - yaing'ono (mwachitsanzo, dambo hummock);

• meso - sing'anga kukula (angakhale Mwachitsanzo, dambo, kapena dziwe);

• zazikulu - lalikulu kwambiri (nyanja kapena Africa);

• Global - dzikoli.

zigawo akaphatikiza za m'chilengedwe ndi zinthu zachilengedwe

topezeka iliyonse imakhala ya zigawo biotic: ndi zamoyo zokhala, ndipo abiotic (si amoyo) - mchere ndi nthaka organic, asafe, mpweya, madzi.

zinthu Natural zimathandiza njira zina za chitukuko cha madera a zinthu zamoyo, danga malire a dongosolo. Izi dzuwa cheza, chinyezi, kutentha chitsanzo mpweya kuthamanga.

M'pofunika kutchula alowererepo anthu mu moyo m'madera - ndi zinthu zopangidwa kuti akhoza osati kusintha topezeka, komanso kuwononga.

Madambo: systematization

Dambo otchedwa womangika dera inamera udzu. Mu Russia, meadows ndi kale ogaŵikana yokha (masoka achilengedwe) ndi kupanga. (Anachokera ku kasinthasintha, makamaka tinned nthawi yotsimikizika).

m'tchire Native kuti kale ntchito haying ndi odyetserako ziweto. Iwo amapereka yokolola wachuma wa zitsamba ndi dambo topezeka yokha amathandiza kufunika moyo wautali anthu ubale wa moyo. Tsoka m'magawo amenewa ankaona kuti kukokoloka kwa nthaka, inamera underbrush (pafupi nkhalango) ndi kafalitsidwe namsongole. Native udzu ndi kuchepa.

meadows yokumba m'madera mwaganizapo anachokera ku minda mbewu kasinthasintha kapena anaonekera pambuyo kudula mitengo. Iwo seeded udzu osatha, omwe akutipatsa zokolola apamwamba. Zonse kuwunika boma la nthaka, kupanga zofunika mchere ndi organic feteleza. Madambo topezeka mu nkhani iyi n'kosiyana zachilengedwe, amapangidwa ndi chongopeka yekha.

Pakuti odyetserako ntchito zachilengedwe ndi yokumba madambo onse. kumanja imatengedwa opulukira amenewa mu gawo la ntchito ina, timatha udzu chivundikiro limzake.

topezeka Biotic zigawo meadows

Dambo uli madera sing'anga kukula zamoyo, kotero wapangidwa ndi zinthu zonse chibadidwe aliyense wa iwo.

Anthu otchedwa udzu m'chilengedwe biotic zigawo zikuluzikulu. Malinga ndi gulu womulera, ndi alimi, ogula ndi decomposers.

1. ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (основа любого органического вещества). Alimi - ndi zomera kuti atembenuke dzuwa mphamvu pogwiritsa isomer shuga C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (m'munsi chinthu chilichonse organic).

2. Consuments - ogula dambo topezeka, kudya zomera, tizilombo kapena nyama zina.

3. Decomposers - ndi zamoyo kuti kudya zinthu zakufa organic.

opanga meadows

Mbewu yaikulu mu dambo la - udzu. Akukhulupirira kuti pa mita imodzi lalikulu angathe kukhalira limodzi za zomera zana osiyana.

Kuweta dambo udzu - dzinthu (za makumi mitundu). Iwo Timoteo, wofiira fescue ndi dambo, rye udzu, zipatso udzu, bluegrass , dambo foxtail, dambo brome, anawerama woyera. Iwo amapanga misa wobiriwira, kupereka kuwaika wabwino, kukula pang'onopang'ono m'chaka yoyambirira kukula pontho (anapatsidwa mavuto). Izi zitsamba - m'munsi gawo la meadows ndi.

Yotsatira ambiri dambo - nyemba (kwa mitundu khumi ndi makumi awiri): clover, nandolo, udindo. Iwo alemere nthaka ndi asafe. Izi ndi gawo lachiwiri.

Udzu ndi zomera za banja Umbelliferae, Labiatae, buttercup, clove - zimakhala gawo lachitatu.

Grass - woyamba kugwirizana zofunika unyolo chakudya, madera dziko. Nazonso ndi udzu topezeka. Nyama (nyama zamiyendo Inayi), tizilombo, mbalame kudya amadyera ndi mbewu. The udzu zambiri zam'tchire dambo, ndi makasitomala ambiri angathe akhoza koma mochepa pa tsamba ili.

consuments

meadows ogula topezeka anawagawa madongosolo atatu:

1. Kuti ogula (owerenga) kwa dongosolo loyamba ndi nthumwi za zomera mwachindunji kudyetsa opanga (opanga), mwachitsanzo zomera. Izi tizilombo (agulugufe, njuchi, nkhono), zamiyendo Inayi nyama (makoswe, ng'ombe, mahatchi, nkhosa, mbuzi, akalulu), dambo mbalame (zinziri, mbalame, partridge).

2. Ndondomeko yachiwiri kunyamula consuments carnivores, herbivores kudya. Iwo nkhandwe, hedgehogs, insectivorous mbalame (wagtail, corncrake, snipe, Tito, makumi) ndipo ngakhale akangaude.

3. Mwa dongosolo wachitatu wa ogula ndi carnivores, kudya carnivores. Izi mbalame (kestrel, harrier, Mphamba, mphamba) ndi nyama (mwachitsanzo, nkhandwe).

topezeka ofunkha meadows

Aliyense unyolo chakudya ayenera kutsekedwa, izo amayamba ndi m'zinthu la kubalana. Choncho payenera kukhala zinthu angathe ulemu zatsalira onse organic. еструкторами. Iwo amatchedwa decomposers, kapena D estruktorami. Iwo amagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri - iwo ali mu chikhalidwe cha medics, anatseka mkombero biogeochemical.

Kodi mafupawa? Izi pansi akufa ndi mobisa (mizu) za zomera, wagwa masamba autumn, akufa (kapena matenda aliwonse, kapena anafa, kapena amaliza ndondomeko ya kukhalako), mbalame ndi nyama, mbalame, muli, nyama ndi anthu. Zonsezi nkhani mphamvu wolemera organic, umatchedwa detritus.

The topezeka la udzu limachititsa kulibe zifuyo kuti kudya detritus (detritophages):

• mbalame - mphungu, miimba, akhwangwala, jackdaws;

• tizilombo - nyerere, tizilombo mphutsi, kukhala mobisa, ndowe kafadala, centipedes awiri awiri;

• , nyongolotsi.

Onse oimira pamwamba wa zomera dambo amakhala mwa ogula, zimakhala kagawo kakang'ono osiyana mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa ogula. Wonyeketsa zotsala akufa ndipo potero ayeretsedwe chilengedwe, asiye olimba undigested zatsalira (chimbudzi).

meadows decomposers

Dambo udzu, amene amapanga, kukula kwawo ayenera kutenga dothi kusungunuka mmenemo mchere.

Pa dziko (kuphatikizapo dambo) mchere zinthu kulowa nthaka m'njira ziwiri - biotic ndi abiotic.

1. Mu chikhalidwe bowa yekha ndi nthaka tizilombo limatha kusintha mankhwala zovuta organic mu losavuta zochita kupanga ndi organic. Iwo ali decomposers waukulu zinthu zachilengedwe lapansi. Izi njira biotic.

2. Mawotchi kusokonezeka (amaundana-m'firiji pamtunda), mankhwala ndi zochita photochemical zikuchitika mu chirengedwe, ndi n'kukhala mankhwala zovuta organic zilipo decomposers yosavuta organic ndi zochita kupanga. Imeneyi ndi njira abiotic kuti.