Mpweya ndi chiyani? mankhwala mpweya

Mpweya (O) - sanali zachitsulo mankhwala mchitidwe gulu 16 (kudzera) mwa Table nthawi ndi nthawi. Ndi colorless, zoipa ndi odorless mpweya wofunikila zamoyo - nyama uzidzatenga carbon dioxide, ndi zomera kuti ntchito NKHA ₂ ngati gwero mpweya, ndi O ₂ amagwanso m'mlengalenga. Mpweya ndipamene pawiri yatikhudza ndi pafupifupi mchitidwe wina uliwonse, ndi displaces zinthu mankhwala kulankhulana wina ndi mzake. Nthawi zambiri, njira awa anatsagana ndi kutuluka kutentha ndi kuwala. Pawiri chofunika kwambiri mpweya ndi madzi.

History of anapeza

Mu 1772, a Swedish sayansi Carl Wilhelm Scheele loyamba kunasonyeza kuti mpweya ngati kulandira izo ndi Kutentha nitrate okusayidi potassium Mercury, komanso zinthu zina zambiri. Tokha mu 1774, Chingerezi sayansi Dzhozef Pristli anapeza chinthu mankhwala ndi kuwonongeka matenthedwe wa okusayidi Mercury ndi lofalitsidwa anapeza m'chaka chomwecho, kutatsala zaka zitatu Scheele buku. Mu zaka 1775-1780 French sayansi Antuan Lavuaze anamasulira udindo wa oxygen mpweya ndi moto, kutaya chiphunzitso phlogiston, ambiri analandira pa nthawi. Iwo amatchuka chifukwa chizolowezi chake kupanga zidulo pamene pamodzi ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo anaitana oxygène amafotokozera, limatanthauza Greek "kwaiye asidi".

kuwanda

mpweya ndi chiyani? Mlandu 46% mwa kulemera kwa kutumphuka, ndi chinthu ambiri za izo. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu mlengalenga ndi 21% ndi buku ndi kulemera kwa 89% ake m'nyanjamo.

Mu miyala mchitidwe pamodzi ndi zitsulo ndipo sanali zitsulo oxides amene ali acidic (mwachitsanzo, sulfure, mpweya, zotayidwa, ndi phosphorous) kapena zofunika (calcium, magnesium ndi chitsulo) ndipo monga mankhwala mchere ngati sipangakhalenso ankamuona ngati anapanga ku chidulo ndipo oxides zikuluzikulu monga sulfates, carbonates, silicates, phosphates ndi aluminates. Ngakhale iwo achuluka, koma izi zolimba sangathe kutumikira monga magwero mpweya, monga chomangira pogawanikana pamawere ndi mchitidwe zitsulo maatomu mowa mphamvu kwambiri.

Features

Ngati mpweya kutentha m'munsimu -183 ° C, kumakhaladi wotumbululuka buluu madzi, ndi pa -218 ° C - olimba. Koyera O ₂ ndi nthawi 1.1 yolemera kuposa mpweya.

Pa kupuma nyama ndi ena mabakiteriya zimawononga mpweya wa mumlengalenga ndi zobwezerezedwanso carbon dioxide, pomwe wobiriwira mbewu dzuwa pamaso pa dzuwa kuyamwa mpweya woipa ndi kumasula ufulu oxygen. Pafupifupi lonse O ₂ m'mlengalenga opangidwa ndi dzuwa.

Pa 20 ° C kwa pafupifupi 3 mbali ndi buku la mpweya kusungunuka m'madera 100 cha madzi abwino, pang'ono poyerekeza - m'nyanjamo. M'pofunika kupuma nsomba ndi zina zamoyo za m'madzi.

Natural mpweya ndi osakaniza a isotopes atatu khola ¹⁶ O (99,759%), ¹⁷ O ^(0,037%), ndi ¹⁸ O (0,204%). Pali zingapo chongopeka opangidwa isotopes nyukiliya. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi kuleza ankakhala ndi ¹⁵ O (theka moyo 124) ponena kuti akuphunzira kupuma nyama.

allotrope

Mfundo bwino mpweya chimene, amalola kupeza wake mitundu iwiri allotropic, diatomic (O ₂₎ ndipo triatomic (O _3, Mpweya umene). Katundu diatomic mawonekedwe amati ma elekitironi asanu kumumanga maatomu ndi awiri amakhalabe unpaired, kuchititsa paramagnetism wa oxygen. Atatu mamolekyulu atomu Mpweya umene si ili pa mzere umodzi wowongoka.

Mpweya umene akhoza kupangidwa malinga ndi aone kuti pali kuti: 3O ₂ → 2O _3.

ndondomeko ndi endothermic (amafuna mphamvu); kutembenuka kwa Mpweya umene kumbuyo mu mpweya diatomic zimalimbikitsa pamaso pa zitsulo kusintha kapena oxides awo. Koyera mpweya ndi n'kukhala Mpweya umene ndi zochita za magetsi chowala kumaliseche. Zimene likugwiritsidwanso pa mayamwidwe kuwala ndi timaganiza za 250 nm. Nthawi ya ndondomekoyi m'mwamba kumatha cheza kuti ukhoza kusokoneza moyo padziko Lapansi. Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala fungo la Mpweya umene alipo m'nyumba ndi sparking zamagetsi monga magudumu. gasi Ichi ndi kuwala buluu. kachulukidwe ake pa nthawi 1.658 kuposa mlengalenga, ndipo ali ndi kuwira mfundo ya -112 ° C pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga.

Mpweya umene - amphamvu oxidant angathe kusintha woipa sulfure, trioxide, sulfide kuti sulphate iodide, ayodini (mawunikidwe njira potipatsa ziyenera ake) komanso ambiri mpweya munali organic opangidwa kuchokera pawiri monga aldehydes ndi zidulo. Kutembenuka kwa chimasanduka ndi Mpweya umene kuchokera ku mipweya utsi wa galimoto ku zidulo awa ndi aldehydes chifukwa cha chifunga. Makampani, Mpweya umene ntchito ngati reactant mankhwala, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mankhwala zimbudzi, ayeretsedwa ndi madzi ndi oyeretsa nsalu.

njira kukonzekera

Ndondomeko yopangira mpweya zimadalira mmene mpweya kuti munthu alandire. njira Laboratory izi:

1. matenthedwe kuwonongeka kwa ena salt monga chlorate potaziyamu kapena nitrate potaziyamu:

• 2KClO ₃ → 2KCl + 3O _2.
• 2KNO ₃ → 2KNO ₂ + _2.

Potaziyamu chlorate kuwonongeka catalyzed ndi oxides kusintha zitsulo. Chifukwa kawirikawiri ntchito manganese woipa (pyrolusite, MnO _2). The chothandizira Sachita chofunika kutentha kwa mpweya kusanduka, kuchokera 400 mpaka 250 ° C.

2. zinabweretsa makhalidwe oxides zitsulo pansi zochita za kutentha:

• 2HgO → 2Hg + O _2.
• 2Ag ₂ O → 4Ag + O _2.

Scheele ndi Priestley ichi mchitidwe mankhwala ntchito pawiri (okusayidi), mpweya ndi mankhwala enaake (II).

3. The kuwonongeka matenthedwe wa peroxides chitsulo kapena hydrogen peroxide:

• 2BaO + O ₂ → 2BaO _2.
• ₂ 2BaO → 2BaO + O _2.
• Bao ₂ + H _{2 4} → H ₂ O ₂ + BaSO _4.
• 2H ₂ O ₂ → 2H ₂ O + O _2.

Woyamba njira mafakitale kupatukana mpweya wa mumlengalenga kapena kupanga hydrogen peroxide zimadalira mapangidwe ndi okusayidi wa barium peroxide.

4. Electrolysis wa madzi ndi admixtures ka salt kapena zidulo kuti kupereka conduction ya magetsi:

2H ₂ O → 2H ₂ + ₂

mafakitale

Ngati kuli kofunika kupeza zimapuma ntchito fractional distillation wa mpweya madzi. Zigawo zikuluzikulu zikuluzikulu za mpweya iwo ali apamwamba kuwira mfundo, choncho, poyerekeza ndi asafe ndi argon zochepa oyaka. Dongosololi amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya yozizira pamene kukula. Magawo chachikulu cha ntchito motere:

• mpweya osasankhidwa kuchotsa particles olimba;
• chinyezi komanso mpweya woipa anachotsa mayamwidwe mu soda;
• mpweya wothinikizidwa ndi psinjika kutentha anachotsa njira ochiritsira yozizira;
• ndiye alowa koyilo ili mkati m'chipinda;
• mbali ya mpweya wothinikizidwa (pa mavuto 200 ATM) mu Likukula chipinda, yozizira koyilo ya;
• kukodzedwa akadzabweranso mpweya kuti kompresa ndi umadutsa magawo angapo psinjika ndi kukula wotsatira, umene pa -196 ° C, mpweya umakhala madzi;
• mkangano madzi distillation kuwala woyamba mpweya inert, ndiye asafe ndi mpweya madzi mabwinja. Angapo fractionation umabala mankhwala mokwanira koyera (99.5%) ntchito kwambiri mafakitale.

Ntchito pakampani

Zitsulo ndi ogula yaikulu ya mpweya koyera kwa kupanga mkulu mpweya zitsulo: tichotse wa carbon dioxide ndi zosafunika ena nonmetals kotero msanga ndiponso mosavuta kuposa mpweya.

Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mpweya lonjezo mankhwala aluso effluent madzi kuposa njira zina mankhwala. Iwo ayamba kwambiri yothandiza chatsekedwa zinyalala moto pogwiritsa ntchito koyera O _2.

Otchedwa chida oxidizer ndi madzi oxygen. Koyera O ₂ amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa sitima zankhondo ndi belu pamadzi.

Makampani mankhwala a oxygen m'malo mpweya wamba kupanga zinthu monga acetylene, okusayidi ethylene ndi methanol. ofunsira Medical monga ntchito mpweya mpweya mu zipinda odwala ndi mwana Zoutamira. gasi mankhwala ochititsa apindula ndi mpweya amapereka thandizo pa ochititsa dzanzi ambiri. Popanda izi amafotokozera mankhwala atha kulibe angapo mafakitale kuti ntchito ng'anjo. Ndicho chimene oxygen.

The katundu mankhwala ndipo anachita

mfundo yaikulu ya elekitironi kuyandikana ndi electronegativity mpweya zikusonyeza zigawo kuti aonetse katundu zachitsulo. mankhwala onse ndi zoipa mpweya makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma. Pamene awiri elekitironi orbitals odzazidwa, anapanga O ^2- ion. The peroxides (O ₂ ^2-) amaganiza kuti aliyense atomu ali ndi mlandu wa -1. Mundawu cha kuvomereza ma elekitironi ndi HIV okwana kapena tsankho ndi Mzimuyo ndi wothandizila oxidizing. Pamene nthumwi za amachitira ndi thunthu, elekitironi mwiniwake, mwini makutidwe ndi okosijeni uliri amachepetsa. Kusintha (kuchepa) m'chigawo mpweya makutidwe ndi okosijeni ku ziro kwa -2 otchedwa kuchira.

M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa amafotokozera ndipamene mankhwala dihydric ndi trihydric. Komanso, pali tinthu sinkakhala chetyrehatomnye. Mu mawonekedwe diatomic awiri ma elekitironi unpaired zili pa orbitals nonbonding. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi khalidwe mpweya paramagnetic.

Nacho reactivity nthawi zina anafotokoza Mpweya umene kopanda kuti imodzi mwa ma atomu atatu ndi mu "atomiki" boma. Yatikhudza atomu ili dissociated ku O _3, kusiya mpweya maselo.

O ₂ molekyulu pa yachibadwa kutentha ndi kuthamanga yozungulira ofooka zotakasika. The mpweya atomiki zambiri yogwira. The dissociation mphamvu (O ₂ → 2O) N'zochititsa chidwi ndi 117,2 kcal mol.

kugwirizana

C ngati nonmetals monga hayidirojeni, kaboni, sulfure, mpweya, ndipamene osiyanasiyana waukulu wa mankhwala covalently womangidwa, kuphatikizapo oxides nonmetal monga madzi (H ₂ Inu), woipa sulfure (CHONCHO ₂₎ ndi mpweya (NKHA _2); mankhwala organic monga alcohols, aldehydes ndi zidulo carboxylic; zidulo wamba monga carbonic _{(H2 CO3),} asidi sulfuric (H _{2 4)} ndi nitric (HNO _3); ndi mchere lolingana monga sulphate ndi sodium (Na _{2 4),} sodium carbonate (Na ₂ NKHA ₃₎ ndipo nitrate ndi sodium (nano _3). Mpweya alipo mu mawonekedwe a O ^2- ion mu dongosolo la galasi la oxides olimba zitsulo, monga pawiri (okusayidi), mpweya ndi CaO wa calcium. Zitsulo superoxide (KO ₂₎ muli ion O ₂ ^-, pamene zitsulo peroxides (Bao ₂₎ muli ion O ₂ ^2-. mankhwala mpweya zambiri boma -2 makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

katundu Ofunika

Potsiriza, ife lembani katundu chachikulu cha mpweya:

• Elekitironi kasinthidwe: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.
• Atomic number: 8.
• Atomiki misa: 15,9994.
• Kuwira mfundo: -183,0 ° C.
• Limatsogolera mfundo: -218,4 ° C.
• Kachulukidwe (ngati kuthamanga oxygen 1 ATM pa 0 ° C): 1.429 g / L.
• makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la -1, -2, +2 (mu mankhwala ndi fluorine).