The Yak 36: zofunika ndi zithunzi

The Soviet makampani ndege - gwero la kunyada osati wasoŵa pa mapu a Soviet Union, komanso akatswiri amakono, amene ali wolowa a akapolo anzawo akale laulemerero. Nkhani Tikambirana za wapadera ndege. Izi Yak 36, amene makhalidwe tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane kachitidwe.

prehistory

Palokha, lingaliro la kulenga wapadera ukuuluka makina, womwe ndi zofunika ofukula ndi ndegeyo, anaonekera kale kwambiri asanalenge ndege ndipo akuyendera mawonekedwe a ndege a. Kupanga ndege ndi ndege katundu zofanana anachedwa kwa zaka zambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu akuchedwa kuti akhazikitse ngati ngalawa inali kuti adzakhala gawo la zomera zonse mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri, ndi mphamvu - yaing'ono. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, deadlock choncho anagwidwa yekha mu 1940s, pamene dziko anaona turbojets. Kuyambira zomangamanga ndi kuyezetsa pa benchi asanalengedwe ndege zinachitika nthawi ya zaka ziwiri.

olemba

Mmodzi wa apainiya m'munda umenewu unali ndege kapangidwe injiniya Shulikov dzina lomwe mu 1947 akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito yapadera swivel nozzle wa turbojet (THD), amene pambuyo pake anaika pa Yak 36.

Chinachake kenako Scherbakov mlengi zachitika ntchito ndi kuyamba kudziyesa kuima mu ndege ya chitsanzo ndege, amene anavula vertically ndipo anali phiko, koma anali okonzeka ndi awiri injini makina turbojet anaika kali mbali ya fuselage lapansi. Koma sitili pa phiko chifukwa chipolowe chilengedwe zomangamanga, zomwe kutha kupitiriza ntchito imeneyi.

Yakovlev Design Bureau

Gulu bwino kwambiri, amene anali nawo pa chilengedwe cha ndege vertically amachotsa, anali OKB 115, mutu umene unali lodziwika bwino dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Yakovlev. injiniya ichi mu 1960 akufuna chitukuko cha Yak 104. Mu chotengera ichi mpweya anakonza kukhazikitsa awiri amakakamizidwa R19-300 injini kuti anayenera ntchito ngati hoisting zinthu zosagwiritsa. cholinga chawo cha 1600 kgf. Nyamulani injini ayenera kukhala galimoto limodzi. Kutukula anakonza kuti kulemera zouluka 2800 makilogalamu ndi 600 makilogalamu mafuta malo makina anali kuuluka pa liwiro pazipita 550 Km / h ndi kukwera ndi kutalika mamita 10 000. Pankhaniyi, ndege mtunda adzakhala wofanana makilomita 500, ndipo anakhala anali ola limodzi kwa mphindi khumi.

Yak ku Project

(- makilogalamu 5000 kupisa aliyense) Mu April 1961, Bungwe la nduna ntchito pa chilengedwe cha yoponya mabomba limodzi ndi awiri ndi R21-300 injini anali wokonzeka. Izi zinali kale Yak 36. chombo akuyenera kukhala ndege liwiro 1100-1200 Km / h pamalo okwera mamita 1000. Kulemera pa nthawi ya kudzachitika wolemera sayenera oposa 9150 makilogalamu.

Pakuti mofulumira ntchito za olimba ndi ulamuliro kachitidwe, yesani magwiridwe ya makina nozzles injini umafuna Yak 36 zinalengedwa kuchita mayesero yoponya mabomba zinachitika ndi injini alipo turbojet R21-300, amene anali kupisa index anali 4,200 kgf. Zoperekedwa kufanana zida makina makina nozzles. chikalata ichi linasindikizidwa pa 30 October 1961.

Kukula kwa Yak 36 anatsogolera SG Mordovin. Komanso, akatswiri zaloŵerera: Sidorov, Pavlov, Bekirbaev Gorshkov.

mayendedwe

A mbadwo watsopano wa ndege zinachitika pa nthawi imene UK kale popitilira ndi ndege zofanana "Harier", omwe anali okonzeka ndi injini Turbo ndi mitundu iwiri iwiri ya nozzles makina. Komabe, akatswiri Soviet anapita pa njira yake, ndi yosiyana ndi kumadzulo.

Popeza kuti, cholinga chimene anali Yak 36 ndi umo okonzeka ndi injini, n'zosadabwitsa kuti ndege chiwongolero ndi cholinga lingamutsatire anaikidwa mu mphuno ndi mchira wa mbali fuselage za makina. Mmodzi wa iwo anali kuchita ndi kupitiriza pa positi mwachilungamo yaitali. Ndipo onse chifukwa vuto la chiwongolero sanali kokha kulamulira ulamuliro ndege zinthu chosakhalitsa, komanso amatipatsa zibwerere chotengera pa zikuuluka malo amodzi. Koma Motors, iwo anaika pa mphuno ndege ndi nozzle anaika pa malo yokoka ya Yak 36.

Features za makina

The anafotokoza dongosolo la actuator la ndegeyo zinachititsa maonekedwe a kufunika kwa njinga mtundu galimotoyo unicycle ndi thandizo pamphuno ndi awiri mawiro thandizo kumbuyo. phiko zogwiriziza amayeretsedwa zosiyana kwa Yak 36 fyuluta, ndipo anakonza mu fairings. Kumanja cowl malembedwe kwambiri mpweya kuthamanga wolandila ndi masensa wapadera ndi kupulumuka kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino kuukira. Chimodzimodzi airframe kapangidwe anali mwachilungamo lililonse kwa ndege ya zaka: theka-monocoque fuselage zinachitikadi, ndi spars chinkakhala ndi kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke.

chitetezo

Kukhala ndi Yak 36, chomwe chili mu pepala chithunzi, akatswiri a analibe yankho mmene bwato khalidwe pa ndege (blockages mu mbali pa kudzachitika wolemera, kapena mphamvu majeure). Pa nkhani imeneyi, pofuna kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha woyendetsa pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana mwadzidzidzi Jets kupereka simuchita ejection chipangizo. Komanso, ndege anali ndi dongosolo kwathunthu chotero kulamulira pa ndege liwiro, chopezera ziro.

kupanga ndege ndi kuyezetsa

Woyamba ziwiya zinayi inamangidwa ku mbewu, yomwe ili Leningradsky Prospekt mu Moscow. Mmodzi wa ndege anatumikira monga chitsanzo mayesero mphamvu. M'chaka cha 1963 pa nambala ndege mayesero 36 kunachitika, umalimbana poona digiri ya chitetezo cha ingress wa injini mwa iwo anasonyeza ndege mtsinje, komanso kupirira mayesero. Pakuti kuukira cholinga Yak 36 anali okonzeka ndi awiri kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke mpweya chotchinga, mmodzi amene anali wokwera pa mphuno, ndipo chachiwiri - pamaso nozzles Turbo.

Galimoto chachiwiri kubala nambala 37 okha adawafotokozera ankafika ndi kuvula. Poyamba, kutalika anali mapazi awiri, ndipo kenako zimakwana anali kale mamita 5. 85 maphunziro lendewera akuluakulu anawatengera kwa zaka ziwiri. June 25, 1963 sitimayo anali ndi ngozi: panali galimotoyo kulephera pamene tidakocheza ofukula chifukwa mlingo mkulu wa kwenda.

Chachitatu ndege (mchira nambala 38) anathandiza kuti aletse Mwachangu wa chiwongolero ndege, kachitidwe Autopilot ndi amazilamulira ili mu cockpit lapansi. Kutukula anasankhidwa ngati mpweya otaya mlingo amene amalola ndegeyo akhazikike pamene zikuuluka akupangitsa makina kwathunthu olamulidwa ndi katswiri woyendetsa.

mavuto kuzindikiridwa

Monga taonera, zovuta kwambiri kuti litsatira ndi ndegeyo choimirira. Awiri ndege mayeso anali ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana pa ndege. Choncho, woyendetsa Garnaev ankakhulupirira kuti dziko ayenera kuchitidwa kokha mwa mtundu ndege, ndiye, galimoto zinkayenera kuti ziyikidwe ndi kutalika kwambiri ndi chisanadze kukhwima liwiro. Zikatero, woyendetsa Mukhin anali ndi maganizo osiyana. Akuti thandizo imapereka ndege ozungulira, pamene Yak 36 nchito imeneyi mu magawo osiyana a ndege chitsimikizo mapiko ndi injini mafuta ndege. Choncho, m'pofunika kuganizira nthawi ya kusintha kwa Nyamulani ku phiko la mwachindunji unit mphamvu. Ndipo chifukwa ankafika inali masamu mu mawu a msinkhu, zimene zogwirizana ndi msinkhu wa gululi bwalo. Chifukwa, izo zinali zolondola Mukhin.

Flight kuyezetsa

Zikuuluka Yak 36 chitachitidwa pa msinkhu theka-mita pamwamba dzenje, amene chidafundidwa ndi mipiringidzo zitsulo. Ankachita zimenezi pofuna kuchepetsa mlingo wa kulowelela kwa Jets mpweya. Komabe, kuonetsetsa kuti chotengeracho amatha kuduliratu vertically ku grating posakhalitsa anasiya n'kupita zolimba pamwamba chimapangitsa. Ndipo pali mabodza vuto. mphindi pamene tidakocheza zida anasiya msewu wonyamukira ndege ya, ndege anayamba kugwedeza mwachiwawa, ndipo n'kugwa pambali. Likufanana ndi ichi, chiwongolero mphamvu mpweya analibe.

Kudziwa ndege injini adaponya kofunika kuti alembe muyezo. Okonza maphunziro awo pang'onopang'ono kwambiri, pafupifupi mayendedwe nkhono a. Nthawi zina chinachitika kuti zazikulu tonnage ndege anaponya mu mlengalenga, kotero kuti pafupifupi sanamvere malamulo woyendetsa sitima. Izidzawetedwa ndege analephera pambuyo anatembenuka kuteteza ingress mpweya mu chipangizo mpweya otaya. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti ndege mbamuikha pansi ndi, inatheka.

buthulo ndege

The Yak 36, ndi mbiri zinatenga zoposa khumi, nthawi yoyamba ikuchitika ndege zonse za July 27, 1964. Komabe, kuukitsa chotengera mu mpweya Mukhin akukwaniritsidwa kuthamanga ndipo anathamanga, chifukwa palibe amene anatengedwa kulosera makhalidwe ake mu mlengalenga. Ambiri mwina, pambuyo mayesero amenewa, panali Baibulo la makina atatu, imene inali mu unsembe wa zipsepse awiri ventral pa aliyense wa iwo.

Patapita miyezi iwiri, panali woyamba zonse kunachitika zikuuluka ndege. Mukhin choncho katswiri galimoto, ngakhale analola kutaya wolima pa nthawi iyi ya ndege, ndi ndegeyo analenjekeka mu malo wopanda zolakwika iliyonse.

Onse anapita chakuti kunali kotheka kuchita flights zonse. Komabe, anavutika kuti zaka mwakhama ndi theka. February 7, 1966 Mukhin anakwaniritsa ofukula kudzachitika wolemera, ikuchitika ndege njira zozungulira nakhala pa m'ndege. March 24 anagwira woyendetsa ofukula zinthu zofunika, ndege ku bwalo ndi ofukula ndegeyo. Lero ankaona kubadwa kwa Russian ndege, amene ali ndi kuthekera zofunika choimirira.

luso zizindikiro

Ankaona ndege anali payload yaing'ono, choncho kupanga amasinthira zachitika chitsanzo akweza wa Yak-36M, amene pambuyo motengera analandira yosiyanasiyana Yak-38. Sitimayo latsopano linali kale mawonekedwe osiyana pang'ono, zomwe n'zofunika kwambiri kuposa lasonyeza kuchita.

The Yak 36, makhalidwe luso amene anasonyeza pansipa, anali yojambula mu ndege zoweta. Choncho, specifications ake ali motere:

• Ngalawa kutalika - 16.4 m.
• Wingspan - 10 m.
• Machine kutalika - 4.3 m.
• Mapiko Area - 17 sq. m.
• Kulemera kwa chiwiya chopanda kanthu - 5400 kg.
• Zofunika kulemera - 9400 kg.
• Engine - 2 × R27V TPD 300.
• Unforced ndodo - 2 × 5000 kg.
• Reserve mathamangidwe pa kutalika - 1,100 km / h.
• Liwiro pafupi pansi - 900 Km / h.
• Real denga - 11000 m.
• Adalira - 1 munthu.
• Zida - nkhondowo katundu mpaka 2000 kg. Sd mpweya ndi mpweya R-60M, Nur, mabomba.

Maphunziro ndi maphunziro lachitsanzo

Yak-18T anayamba kupanga mu 1964. M'zaka za ntchito izo kakusintha zina, ndipo mu 2006, boma la Russia waganiza kuyambiranso m'ziwawa yopanga Yak-18T (mndandanda 36). ndege amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolinga kuphunzitsa kuphunzitsa cadets sukulu ndege.

Yak-18T 36 Series ali mbali zotsatirazi:

• Udalowa mpweya atatu tsamba tinakwera mndandanda AB-803-1-C.
• The lakutsogolo lasintha lalikulu.
• Izo zinali kuchuluka osiyanasiyana ndege weniweni ndi kupatsidwa mphamvu akasinja zina malita 180 aliyense kuchuluka kwa zidutswa ziwiri.
• Kusinthidwa khomo cockpit lapansi.
• Analimbitsa Kutentha (chotenthetsera anaika wachiwiri).
• Moto pakhoma amapangidwa zitsulo kalasi zosapanga.
• Ntchito mafuta - petulo "umafunika 95".

ndege iyi anali anasonyeza pa zosiyanasiyana zisudzo mayiko ndege (Max 2007 ndi Max 2009).

Malamulo anakhazikitsa kuti ndegeyo ayenera kukhala vuto lililonse ntchito maola 3,500 kapena 15,000 landings popanda malamulo alionse kalendala.