Udindo Hrs ya Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu. Kufotokozera za Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu

Mbiri ya dziko lathu zinadzala ndi zambiri zochitika chidwi ndi zofunika, maina a anthu otchuka ndi mayina a anthu m'midzi ndi madera kumene iwo ntchito ndi moyo. Choncho, mbiri ya kufunika wakale kwakukulu Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu, amene anali wolumikizana angapo maina otchuka ndi zochitika.

Mwatsoka, mbiri yake, malo ndi anthu amanena zochepa kwambiri. Today tikambirana mmene malo Hrs ya Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu, ndi makhalidwe ake ena.

mfundo zofunika

Poyamba, izo ankatchedwa Rostov-Suzdal dziko, ndipo inali pakati pa mitsinje Oka ndi Volga. The mtunda wakhala wolemekezeka dothi modabwitsa chonde. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana XII apa panali lalikulu ndi okhazikika bwino seigniorial dongosolo la ulamuliro dziko. Chifukwa malo amene panali nkhalango zambiri, m'madera onse a dziko chonde ili pakati pawo. Iwo ali dzina Opole (akuti anachokera ku mawu akuti "munda"). Kwa nthawi yaitali mu ukulu unali mzinda wa Yuriev-Polsky (iye anali chabe anakakhala Opole m'dera). Kodi mmene chilengedwe cha Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu?

Ngati mukuziyenereza malo ano ndi dera Dnieper, nyengo pano inakula kwambiri. Zokolola zinali ndi lalikulu (nthawi), koma nsomba, kusaka ndi njuchi, amene anayamba m'madera amene anakamba zabwino "tinapezanso mphamvu". The achilendo malo Hrs ya Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu ndi zikhalidwe zake m'malo nkhanza zinachititsa kuti chakuti Asilavo kuno kenako atakumana ndi zamakolo Finno-Ugric anthu.

Distance from malo a chitukuko a nthawi imeneyo anachititsanso chakuti Vladimir-Suzdal motalikitsa anakana imposition moumiriza a Chikhristu ku Kiev.

malo Hrs

Anthu kuno amakopeka ndi wapadera malo Hrs: Dziko kutetezedwa kuukira kuchokera kumbali zonse mitsinje yozama, ambiri m'dera zithaphwi ndi nkhalango moti. Tisaiwale kuti malo Hrs ya Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu zabwino kuti malire ake kum'mwera munali ndi maukulu ena Asilavo, zomwe kuteteza nzika za mayiko amenewa pa nkhondo ya wongosamukasamuka.

Kutukuka kwa ukulu wa analinso zochokera kuchuluka yaikulu anthu amathawathawa amene anapita ku nkhalango ochokera anawazunza onse ndi ofanana ndi amene ankatumikira wokwera levies kalonga.

Main makhalidwe Vladimir-Suzdal

Kusiyana ndi Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu. MITU kufotokoza bwino mbali yake yaikulu.

Za malonda opindulitsa

Mayiko a Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu kuyala Volga malonda njira, amene chikugwirizana mayiko amenewa ndi East. Trade wakhala opindulitsa kwambiri pano. N'zosadabwitsa kuti m'mayiko amenewa mofulumira zokwanira amphamvu ndi wolemera otchuka, amene sanali kwambiri chidwi pa Kyiv, choncho anayesetsa ofesi okhazikika nafuna ufulu. Choncho, udindo Hrs kwambiri Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu chinathandiza chilengedwe chosatha olemera "boma mkati boma."

Kuwathandiza kufunafuna ichi chakuti mkulu ayenera kutembenukira ku mphepete m'dera chidwi awo m'malo mochedwa, chifukwa malo pa mpando wachifumu akutali ankafuna yekha kwa ana aang'ono, amene anali zofunika kuchotsa Kiev. Only pamene Monomakh anayamba kulamulira, mphamvu ndi ukulu wa boma anayamba kukula mofulumira. N'chifukwa chake cholowa fiefdom Monomakh anakhala dzina la Vladimir-Suzdal, mapu amene anapeza m'mayiko ena msanga.

Pakati m'dera dzikolo Township ndi ana Vladimir Monomakh anakhazikitsa ubale wamphamvu pano m'mbuyomu kuposa m'mayiko ena, ozolowera kuti maganizo a ana ndi zidzukulu za Monomakh mmene akalonga awo. The kuchuluka ya cholowa chifukwa cha kwambiri ntchito zachuma, kukula ndi zikamera wa mizinda latsopano anatsimikiza kuwuka chuma ndi ndale derali. Mu mkangano mphamvu ya Rostov-Suzdal akalonga anali chuma ndithu.

Opole

Agriculture m'masiku amenewo chofunika sanapirire chidwi. Koma m'dziko Vladimir-Suzdal sanapereke wosatsimikizika, ngakhale izo. Pa chakhumi wina m'zaka za m'ma XII pokumana ndi mulingo woyenera anatha kusonkhanitsa palibe makilogalamu oposa 800. Komabe, masiku amenewo izo zinali zabwino basi, koma chifukwa cha Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu, khalidwe la lopatsidwa m'nkhani msanga analemera.

Koma chuma cha wamba m'deralo makamaka kutengera ng'ombe. Iwo ayipanga pafupifupi onse Mitundu ziweto: ng'ombe, mahatchi, mbuzi ndi nkhosa. Choncho, zofukulidwa zinthu zakale zimene zinapezedwa mu malo amenewo zambiri achitsulo, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito udzu. Chofunika kwambiri chinali kuswana a akavalo, amene massively ntchito kuchita nkhondo.

"Zipatso za dziko lapansi"

Pafupifupi m'zaka XII, izo anatuluka komanso horticulture. chida Aika mu zaka anali ndi zitsulo zovekera wa tsamba ( "ikhale pamphuno"). Makamaka ambiri a iwo apezeka Suzdal. The Cathedral wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu kwa mzinda pali chifanizo cha Adamu. cipangizo ofotokoza anafotokoza kuti "Adam kukumba manyazi." Choncho, mbiri yonse ya Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi bwino nthawi zonse luso la anthu ake.

Pafupifupi m'zaka za yomweyo akuyamba kukhala munda mwakayakaya. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti anali pamenepo pokha kwambiri kwa nzika zonse. Izi kachiwiri zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zofukulidwa ambiri pofukula, imene ambiri zotsala za minda wakale wa apulo apezeka. Mwambo amanenanso kuti kuyambira XII m'zaka za Dera la ukulu anayamba kuyala ambiri zipatso chitumbuwa. M'nthawi analemba kuti mzinda wa Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu ndi "ngale imodzi ya Russia."

Ngakhale malonda zambiri anayamba ulimi ndi horticulture, anthu anapitiriza kuchita mwakhama apiculture, kusaka kapena kusodza. The zofukulidwa anapeza ndalama yaikulu maukonde, mbedza, zoyandama ndi kukhala wa nsomba zokodwa. Kodi wina zimaphimba Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu? Khalidwe zidzakhala chosakwanira ndithu ngati tilibe kulankhula za ntchito zamanja, amene ali anthu ake.

zamanja

Popanda osema zosatheka kuti aganizire moyo wa ukulu osakwatira zaka. N'zochititsa chidwi, anthu ambuye zaka specialization ankasiyana yekha pa chotsirizidwa, osati chuma. Choncho, sedelschik anali ndi chidziwitso chabwino kwambiri cha njira osati ya chithandizo cha khungu, komanso njira zosiyanasiyana za Ndalama zimene wokometsedwera katunduyo, kupanga izo mwina okongola kwa ogula angathe. Popeza amisiri anakhazikika kokha chifukwa Mfundo "ofanana", m'mizinda ya amisiri mofulumira akutulukira kuthetsa lonse.

Ena nyumba zawo ngakhale wapadera ng'anjo antchito yadothi anapezeka, amene anaikidwa limodzi ndi anthu omwe chakudya zakonzedwa. Ena osema ntchito kokha pa pempho. Wina, kwambiri ambiri gulu la ambuye, manufactures mankhwala kwa malonda misa ya misika anthu a m'tauni ndi malonda mwachindunji kwa amalonda oyendayenda, amene anali kutikonda kwambiri kwa Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu. Mwachidule kulankhula za makalasi ena, amene anagawanika pakati am'deralo.

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XII, Kutacha mofulumira ndi zamanja onse amene anali wotchuka wonse wa Kievan Lazaro. Komabe, kuchokera m'masiku a nthawi imeneyo, ndizoonekeratu kuti ntchito yaikulu am'deralo Pasanapite kupala matabwa. M'kupita kwa zafukulidwa ndi zambiri zida ntchito ndi matabwa. No wakale luso zochepa m'madera amene anali mbiya.

Kukula kwa mbiya mu ukulu wa

Umboni wa chitukuko yogwira luso mbiya ndi pomanga Mfundo Cathedral kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XII. Pa magombe a mtsinje waung'ono Kamenka anapeza mabwinja kilns zitatu zikuluzikulu, omwe angathe dawunilodi pa njerwa zikwi zisanu panthawi. Amaganiza kuti mu nthawi yomweyo, m'misili katswiri ulimi wa madzi ndi matailosi. miyeso awo kufika 19x19 cm, amene m'masiku amenewo anali weniweni zamakono yojambula. Kupanga matailosi wokongola kwambiri, amisiri ntchito mndandanda yaikulu mitundu yonse ya enamels ndi glazes.

Ndi zotsutsana chonchi lonse ndi chuma cha katundu Kukula kwa Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu anapita ndi leaps ndi malire, monga ndalama kuyenda mtsinje waukulu chuma chake.

Art mwala processing

Fasteners luso chinayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XII, mbuye mofulumira kwambiri zimatheka pamwamba kwambiri malonda awo. M'mizinda ya ukulu pali amisiri ambiri, osema miyala. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ambiri a Suzdal boyars a Vladimir ankawanyoza amatchedwa "akapolo ndi anthu osema miyala." Cha m'ma 40 ntchentche mu Suzdal pali munalidi gulu osiyana osema miyala. Zinali mbuye wake anatenga nawo mbali pomanga akachisi a Pereslavl-Zaleski, Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal. Komanso, nawonso anamanga dziko kukakhala Kideksha.

Development wa blacksmithing

ntchito wosula m'njira izi nayenso analandira ambiri kwambiri ndipo zinali zotsogola kwambiri. Ngati, kachiwiri, kubwerera ku mutu wa yomanga, mwa njira yodziwira nambala yaikulu zida wosula. Pafupi ndi tauni ya Vyazniki mu m'nyumba zitsanzo zambiri bog miyala anapezeka kuti zikusonyeza kufalikira lonse wa luso limeneli pakati pa anthu amene ankakhala Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu. Mwachidule, iwo anali amisiri kwambiri.

Chimake cha luso m'dera wosula kukhala mitanda chachikulu cha Mfundo ndi Dmitrievsky aang'ono chokongoletsedwa ndi chithunzi cha nkhunda weathervane, ndi luso abwino za mkuwa. Koma Khirisimasi ndi Mfundo Cathedral wa Vladimir mkuwa ake zazikulu apansi mosavuta negate onse.

Weaponsmithing

Koma makamaka pa nthawi ya blacksmiths m'dera anaima gulu gunsmiths. Iwo anapanga Sholom Yaroslav Vsevolodovich ndi battleaxe Andreya Bogolyubskogo, amene ayenera kuonedwa osati toyesa wa wosula, komanso zodzikongoletsera akhale mmisiri. Makamaka wotchuka m'deralo makalata.

Komanso, akatswiri anapeza chidwi kamodzi nanzeze uta, kumene ngakhale anapulumuka mivi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Kutalika kwa aliyense wa iwo anali 170 masentimita, ndipo pomwepo kulemedwa makilogalamu 2.5. Ambiri mwina, olemba awo akale otchedwa "shereshirami". Makamaka amtengo amisiri amene ankachita matabwa opangira zinthu.

Archeologists anapeza Suzdal ndi Vladimir wosula kubala osachepera zana ndi makumi asanu toyesa katundu zitsulo, ndi nthawi yomweyo kuposa 16 ukatswiri osiyana.

Kuluka ndi kugwira ntchito ndi nsalu

Panali ambiri mu kuluka, komanso zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya kupota. Pa zafukulidwa ndi chinapezeka osati zida zambiri zamanja izi, komanso zotsala za nsalu. Kunapezeka kuti ambuye Russian m'madera amenewa anadziwa kuti njira kusoka makumi asanu, kuphatikizapo chipangizo kwambiri. zipangizo anali osiyanasiyana kwambiri: chikopa, ubweya, silika ndi thonje. Nsalu nthawi zambiri anasunga yopeta zazikulu ndi siliva ulusi.

Popeza ukulu wachita kale anayamba ulimi nyama, ndi ofufuta zikopa m'madera amenewa zokwanira. ambuye Suzdal anatchuka kwambiri kupitirira malire a dziko lawo la kwapadera khalidwe yuft ndi Morocco nsapato. Pothandizira otchuka mu mabwalo awo Professor NN Voronin anapeza zofukulidwa ena backyards kwambiri za "malekezero akufa." Kotero mu masiku amenewo anawatcha zidutswa za ng'ombe nthiti, ntchito Machining zikopa.

Chithandizo cha fupa

Iwo anali wodziwika kwa anthu am'deralo ndipo carvers luso fupa. Vuto ngalande yomanga kukumana mabatani ambiri fupa, zisa ndi Chalk zapanyumba. Pafupifupi ndi ambiri amalandira ndi zodzikongoletsera akhale mmisiri mu nthawi yomweyo. Monga Vladimir ndi Suzdal ambiri amatha kuumba coppersmiths anapezeka. Jewelers mofanana kunapezeka, ntchito yake pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu zoposa 60 mitundu zolinga zosiyana. ulemu wapadera anthu anasangalala ambuye amene ntchito ndi malonda a golide.

Iwo anapeza chibangili, ndi mitundu yonse ya mikanda, pakhosi zosonyeza ndi mabatani kuti akhala mwaluso chokongoletsedwa ndi enamels ndi kupanga mkombero zovuta. Onse Vladimir ambuye ku galamu imodzi ya siliva anakwanitsa kukoka kilometre abwino ulusi!

vuto la zachuma

Kodi wina anali ndi maonekedwe a Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu? Monga ife tanena kale, chitukuko mofulumira chuma kunagwirizana ndi njirazo malonda yofunika kwambiri kuti anathamanga kudutsa malire ace. Ofukula ndi malo angapo ndalama Oriental anapezeka (dirhems), liwuli lidalembedwa anatsimikizira pafupi asapita malonda a Vladimir ndi Suzdal ndi maiko akutali. Komanso malonda zoweta asangalala: izo zinaonekera kwambiri pa maubwenzi ndi Novgorod, amene amalonda m'deralo zikugwira malonda tirigu.

No ukatswiri kwambiri anali malonda ndi Byzantium, komanso m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya. Makamaka tamutchula njira mtsinje kutumiza. Koma akalonga a m'dera nthawi zonse kuti mosamalitsa blyuli ndi njira malonda pamtunda ngati chisokonezo mu ubale ndi amalonda akanakhoza kungasokoneze pa moyo wa dziko.

Amenewa anali mbali ya Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu.