Ubereki kudzipatula - ndi sitepe yoyamba mu kasinthidwe mitundu

Ndi kudzipatula kwa ubereki wabwino wa anthu a mitundu munthu wayamba, chikudziwikabe kwathunthu lotsekedwa malekezero, mapangidwe mtundu watsopano wa chamoyo chilichonse padziko lathuli. Ubereki kudzipatula - Alfa ndi Omega wa zamoyo wa moyo padziko lapansi.

chiphunzitso kudzipatula

Panmictic nyama ndi zomera (amene pogonana kubereka) mfundo ndi "maganizo" umabweretsa pamodzi ya zamoyo ofanana m'njira zambiri, tikukhala mu dera ndi luso kubereka mokwanira. Izi zikutanthauza ufulu mwakusakaniza ndi maonekedwe chonde ana. Ubereki kudzipatula - okwana kapena tsankho chiletso pa ulendo ufulu. Monga pansi kupatulana chokhudzana ndi ndondomeko kuswana, kumvetsetsa ndi kuimba wosabala hybrid mbewu.

Gulu la kutchinjiriza mu zamoyo

Masiku ano, asayansi osiyanasiyana - asayansi kupereka osiyanasiyana machitidwe gulu, maonekedwe ndi njira zambiri mosalidwa kwachilengedwenso. Pali kachitidwe, kutenga monga maziko nthawi Chinthu, kapena chokwanira si anayambika kudutsa. Tiyeni tione monga maziko mfundo yofala systematization zokhudza pawekha anapereka zamoyo wotchuka - FG kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha Dobzhansky (1900-1975).

Mitundu yonse ya kutchinjiriza amasiyanasiyana malinga limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka:

• chirengedwe kudzipatula anthu;
• zachilengedwe;
• leni kwachilengedwenso.

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a kudzipatula ubereki.

malire Hrs

Geographic kudzipatula ubereki - izo zimasokoneza ufulu Kuoloka kwa zamoyo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe Geological (maonekedwe a zopinga phiri, kusintha mabedi mtsinje) kapena mitundu resettlement pa m'madera ambiri. Pankhaniyi kaphatikizidwe wa gulu la zamoyo, dera kulowerera ndi kupatsana majini mkati mwa gulu lakutali. Chitsanzo wotchuka - mbalame za Darwin, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndiwo khalidwe lililonse pachilumbachi. Ndi mbalame chinachititsa Charles Darwin kulemba ntchito yake "The Origin of Species Kudzera Natural Kusankha".

Kutchinjiriza chilengedwe ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana

Zinthu zachilengedwe chimayambitsa zachilengedwe kudzipatula ubereki wabwino wa anthu a mitundu chomwecho, alipo mu dera limodzi. Zinthu akhoza mismatching kafalitsidwe nthawi kapena makhalidwe chakudya cha anthu. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu si kudzipatula ubereki. Izi chiletso tsankho sichichititsa ndikosatheka mtanda kuswana. Ngakhale, maganizo a akatswiri amasiyana zitsanzo zili mwa chilengedwe. Atatu miyoyo gombe la Arctic mitundu chisindikizo. Iwo onse anachokera ku chomwecho phylogenetic makolo. Koma Ross zisindikizo kudyetsa yekha cephalopods, akambuku nyanja - wankhanza alenje anyani ndi zisindikizo zina ndi kusindikiza Witt yekha zimadya nsomba. Ndipo iwo alibe hybridize ndi mzake, ngakhale ofanana kwambiri maonekedwe.

kudzipatula kwenikweni ubereki

Kwenikweni kudzipatula ubereki - ndi mtundu umene n'zogwirizana ndi makhalidwe a ndondomeko ya ubereki. Ndiye kuonetsetsa dokopulyatsionny poslekopulyatsionny ndi kuti makinawa kuteteza kubwezeretsa kwa mtundu wawo.

Akatswiri ena otchedwa mitundu yonse ya kutchinjiriza kwachilengedwenso kapena njira ubereki, monga chirengedwe ndi zachilengedwe kudzipatula gulu dokopulyativnoy kudzipatula ubereki.

Dokopulyatsionnnye zimagwirira

Izi njira kudzipatula kugwirizana ndi chosatheka mating. Pali mitundu itatu:

1. Etologichekaya kugwirizana ndi mbali ya kugonana, kudzipatula ubereki. Zitsanzo: mwambo mating khalidwe la mbalame, osiyana rhythmic kuphethira ya ziphaniphani mu chikhalidwe ndi mmene ukwati wa phokoso la achule, kusiyana pfungo la (mankhwala zinthu aya) chachikulu amphaka.
2. Mawotchi kudzipatula chifukwa kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka ziwalo zoberekera. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kapangidwe ka maluwa maluwa kuyambitsa kuthekera kubereketsa zomera za mawonekedwe enieni a mbalame ija yotchedwa hummingbird a. N'chimodzimodzinso kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bwino tchire. nyama n'zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Drosophila mating mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumabweretsa choipa, kapena ngakhale imfa ya mnzawo.
3. No maselo kusokonezedwa nyongolosi (gametes) wotchedwa kutchinjiriza germline. Analidi experimentally mu Laboratories ndi malo osungira nyama. Pankhaniyi, mating chikuchitika, koma osati umuna zygote.

mitundu Poslekopulyativnoy mosalidwa ubereki

Lingaliro ili pafupi ndi dokopulyativnoy otsiriza zikutanthauza kudzipatula, koma mu nkhani iyi Ndisanaumbidwe ndi aumbike. Komabe, iye mwina anaphedwa mu magawo oyambirira ontogeny, kapena wakufa, kutha msinkhu, kapena anthu hybrid ndi wosabala. Limagwirira imfa ndi sterility hybrid zovuta kugwirizana ndi jini, khromozomu kapena mbali cytological. Zitsanzo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hybrids amadziwika. Sizisiyana hybrids, ngati yekha, akhoza kupatsana kubalana. Koma ndiye pali chodabwitsa mu zamoyo alibe maonekedwe wosakanizidwa - mbadwo uliwonse motsatizana hybrids ndi ayamba anafooka ndipo pang'onopang'ono likunyonyotsoka.

Tanthauzo zamoyo kudzipatula ubereki

Sikuti njira zonse kudzipatula anthu kuyambitsa mapangidwe zamoyo zina. Koma chinthu choyamba mu speciation nthawi zonse amakhala tsankho kapena wathunthu kudzipatula anthu kapena magulu a zamoyo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, pamene losokonekera kuwombola nkhani chatsekedwa gulu osiyana amasonkhana kusiyana majini ndi magulu ena a mtundu uwu, kudzipatula ubereki amakhala zofunika kwambiri ndi wathunthu. Ndi kudzikundikira angapo okwanira kusiyana genomes ndi kunena anapanga mtundu watsopano. Mu zamoyo, si kophweka, nthawi zina ndi kovuta kusiyanitsa gulu la zamoyo mu maonekedwe atsopano. Komabe, aliyense muphe trawling pansi pa nyanja kumabweretsa nyanja oimira kafukufuku sizinathe kudziwika kwa systematics ano.