Wambiri ya Socrates - mwiniwake wa maganizo woganiza

Mwana wa zomangamanga ndi anamwino ku Atene, yemwe anabadwa, zikuoneka, m'chaka cha 469 pamaso pa kubadwa kwa Kristu, anadziwika lonse. Wambiri ya Socrates - 'tate' wa nzeru idealist - kupezeka kwa ife ndi magwero angapo. Choyamba, zimachitikadi wotsatira wake wa Plato, amene analemba "Apology" wa mphunzitsi wake, ndi ntchito ya Xenophon. ndi ngwazi za nkhaniyi sanalembe ntchito, ndi kukhuta kukambirana ndi omvera. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti ili njira akufotokozera mwa iwo ndi luso loganiza bwino. Komanso, yonena za Socrates (kapena tinene kuti ena deta pa izo) akhoza pang'ono anachira kuyambira sewero lanthabwala wa Aristophanes 'Mitambo. Komabe, ntchito imeneyi amaliwerenga kani caricature wa munthu woganiza wotchuka, amene Greek wolemba kusokonezedwa ndi adani ake - oimira sukulu ya Sophists.

Wotchuka a ku Atene nzeru zapamwamba, wotchedwa "gadfly" wa Atene, anakhala pa nthawi ya Peloponnesian nkhondo. Pa nsonga ya m'nthawi wake Sophists, iye sanatsutse yekha tchire. Iye anatulukira mawu "Philo-Phiri." Ndiko kuti, Socrates kuziganizira yekha akonda nzeru, nanena kuti iye samadziwa kalikonse motsimikiza, ndipo kokhaku chimodzimodzi. Iye anatsutsa mfundo za demokalase, mbadwa ya polis Greek, zambiri anali oipa, anaukitsa ire nzika lopambana ndi atamunamizira mwano ndipo kenako kuti aphedwe. Nawa mawu ochepa a mbiri yake mwachidule. Socrates, ngakhale mfundo zina zochepa za iye anabereka sukulu ya ganizo nzeru zaumunthu, amene m'mabukhu Soviet otchedwa "Cholinga chomwe."

Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa Aatene "gadfly" wa Sophists kuti iye ankaona zofunika osati chinthu zotengera malingaliridwe mu cognition ( "munthu muyeso wa zinthu zonse"), komanso cholinga. Otsiriza ankakhulupirira Mind. Zinali iye, "Nous" - ndicho chikhazikitso cha chiyambi cha Mulungu ya ubongo wa munthu, ndipo iye ndi woweruza wa onse zotengera malingaliridwe. choonadi chifukwa Mind kupezeka kwa ife. Apo ayi, aliyense mwa maganizo ake, ndipo palibe cholinga wamba sangakhale. Guarantor wa chiyerekezo choonadi ndi Daymonion (mkati mawu, chikumbumtima). nzeru za zilandiridwenso ali moyo yake. Wambiri Socrates zimasonyeza kuti iye ndi lalikulu kwambiri za maganizo ake. Philosophy, mfundo zake view - ichi ndi luso ndi moyo wabwino. Choncho, cholinga chachikulu cha kusinkhasinkha ayenera kukhala ndi maphunziro azachilengedwe (zimene zinachitika pamene), ndi chikhalidwe.

Komabe, yonena za Socrates amalankhula chakuti funso kudziwa linali iye ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa. Tiyenera kufunafuna akamanena, kupeza okwana Anatipatsa. Koma kupatsidwa ulemu uwu wabwino kwa chikhalidwe, pakuti odzikonda okha tikhoza kuphunzira kukhala makhalidwe awo - kudziletsa, chilungamo, kulimba mtima ... njira yokhayo kukwaniritsa cholinga a anthu - zabwino mtheradi. biographers ambiri Socrates ankakhulupirira kuti anali "koyenela rationalist". Ndipotu, nzeru zapamwamba ankakhulupirira kuti ngati mukudziwa za ukoma, angathe ntchito. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pali njira yomwe Socrates "dziko la 'kuchokera kwa amayi ake - maieutics. Izi ndi dialectic achilendo, imene mukhoza kulikankhira interlocutor chakuti iye anapeza yankho lolondola.

Mmodzi wa ophunzira ambiri a Socrates, Alcibiades anali andale. Rumor ali kuti iye anali kukonda nzeru zapamwamba achithupithupi, koma chomalizachi anakana pempholo wake. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti ubale uliwonse thupi kupewa makhalidwe monga kudzichepetsa. Socrates opulumutsidwa wandale komanso mkulu wa asilikali pa nkhondo ndi Sparta, pokhala zida yekha ndi chibonga - m'modzi wa asilikali sanafune kupha unarmed nzeru za anthu.

Koma ubwenzi ndi Alcibiades zoipa bwanji tsogolo la woganiza. Mavuto a za ndale ku Athens zasintha ndondomeko anagwa asayanjidwe ndi Socrates mlandu Wosalemekeza milungu ndi kuipitsa achinyamata. Wafilosofi anali monyadira kwambiri pa mlandu ndipo anati lidziwe si chilango koma maulemu apamwamba. Komabe, iye kuti aphedwe. Monga mfulu, iye anamwa poizoni (by njira, si hemlock, malinga ndi nthano, ndipo mwachionekere, ndi kulowetsedwa wa hemlock) ndipo anathokoza Asclepius (mulungu wa machiritso) kuti apeze. Choncho woganiza akufuna kuti tilowe mu dziko labwino kuposa amene iye anali asanabadwe. Zimenezi zinachitika mu 399 BC. Nzeru za Socrates, amene yonena anali mwachidule anafotokoza m'nkhani ino, anachita chitsanzo chabwino ndi zothandiza moyo wake osati kokha, komanso imfa.