Womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho": mbali ndi chithunzi

Popeza Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ndi Vietnam, kunapezeka kuti kutsutsako zida kupambana zovuta popanda thandizo mpweya. M'zaka zaposachedwapa sankawabisira chitukuko mofulumira pansi adzaukira ndi womenya ndege, makampani kwachititsa zochitika latsopanoli latsopano la sayansi.

Chimodzi mwa zotsatira kwambiri kuvumbulutsidwa pophatikizana a chitetezo sayansi wakhala womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho". Malinga ndi katswiri Akatswiri ena ndi zoweta m'munda wa ndege, ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu toyesa apamwamba a manja Western. Kodi ndege iyi ndi mmene yodziwika, ife kufotokoza m'nkhani ino.

Nthawi yomweyo, tiona kuti kholo lake lakutali, "Mvula ya mkuntho" - pa womenya ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ndi kwambiri manoeuvrable ndi chachikulu moyo ntchito.

mfundo zofunika

Pakati pake penipeni, uyu mapasa-injini wachinayi m'badwo womenya. Yodziwika ndi ankadziwana phiko ndipo inamangidwa pa "bakha." Tikumbukenso kuti kusinthidwa wa "Mvula ya mkuntho" imene anamasulidwa mu zaka zingapo zapitazi mbadwo 4+ and 4 ++. Ambiri, pakhale ndege ngati zingamuthandize unayambitsidwa kumbuyo mu 1979.

Mukhozanso makina yomweyo Mabaibulo anayi. Mabaibulo osiyana ndi kwa UK, Germany, Italy, ndi Spain. Makamaka chidwi n'chakuti, tsatanetsatane kuti amasule ndegeyo palibe malo amodzi: zimenezi zikutanthauza angapo ndege kupanga Consortium.

mgwirizano boma

Tiyeni atchule anthu amene mudameretsa mbali yofunika kwambiri ya fuselage ndi injini:

• Alenia Aeronautica. Zimapangitsa kumbuyo mlanduwo, flaperons ndi mapiko kumanzere.

• BAE Systems. Iwo overlaps wopanga woyamba kupanga zitsulo za kumbuyo gawo la ndegeyo ndi chinkhoswe mu zotsimikizira kutsogolo fuselage ndi (ndi PGO) gargrota, nyali. Komanso udindo tailplane lapansi.

• EADS zocheperapo. Zimapangitsa gawo pakati, ndipo akuchita mbali yaikulu ya thupi.

• EADS CASA. kampani limapanga slats, ndipo phiko bwino.

Major mbali structural

Nthawi zambiri, anthu womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho" analengedwa makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito za zotsogola ndege zamagetsi ndiponso achita. The okonza kuti mwachita kwambiri kuti azipeza makhalidwe akuyendetsa, ngakhale pobwera kuukira pansi kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino kwambiri.

Ife cholinga ndege mogwirizana ndi chiwembu zokhudza ntchito ankadziwana mapiko ndi zikulilima madigiri 53. Slats ndi kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke - Ziwiri gawo, canards kuchitidwa ndi makina mtundu, muyezo ndi zowongolera - popanda stabilizer. Amenewa chiwembu ndi chimodzimodzi ndi wokongola lakuthwa kuwonjezeka maneuverability la ndegeyo ndi kuchepa kulimbikira mlengalenga imathamanga supersonic.

Samolet- "Kwachinsinsi"

Kuchepetsa Rada aone za makina, m'mphepete atongi wa kutsogolo mchira unapangidwa zinthu zimene zimatenga mphepo. Ngakhale mwalamulo womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho" Sikuli kwa gulu la makina opangidwa ndi luso "chozemba" kupanga ake ankagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono ndi zipangizo kuti angathandize dissipate mafunde wailesi. Ndipotu, ngati ntchito anali patsogolo okonza poyamba: bwanji kuti ndege noticeable kwambiri akhoza kukhala kutsogolo kwa makina ounikira kudziwika ano.

Kodi zachitika kukwaniritsa zimenezi? Choyamba, pazipita mpweya wambiri namizidwe mu nyumba kutsogolo kwa Motors masked zipangizo zapadera. Onse kubala ndege ya m'mbali phiko otchuka ndi stabilizers mchira, wokutidwa ndi lupanga pamaso pa nkhani kungolandira pa makina ounikira cheza. Komanso, kuyimitsidwa nkhondo motsogozedwa mmene ndingathere kuyandikira kwa thupi, amenenso limachititsa kuwabisa ku cheza mdani Rada.

Apa tiyenera ananena kuti nthawi ino "Mvula ya mkuntho" - womenya-yoponya mabomba, Mipikisano cholinga, choncho kuonetsetsa invisibility zake zonse n'zosatheka mfundo (koma si choncho m'pofunika).

kutukula zoyambirira

Pafupifupi onse zigawo zikuluzikulu latsopano ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo kuti utakwaniritsa ngati zizindikiro mkulu yapangidwa ndi akatswiri EADS / DASA nkhawa. Komanso, pakampaniyo anali mmodzi wa oyambitsa, ndiyeno Anthu opanga zigawo zambiri zofunika structural la ndegeyo. Mbali zimenezi ndi monga pafupifupi onse m'mphepete atongi wa mapiko onsewo, lakunja ndi mumtima pamalo a zakudya mpweya, komanso zikepe ndi zigawo pafupi thereto.

Zipangizo zofunika amene ntchito pomanga

Ambiri mwa zipangizo ntchito, ndi ochiritsira zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo kwa ndege si kwambiri. Choncho, kuposa 40% ya kulemera okwana airframe ndi CFRP. Kuchuluka kwa lifiyamu aloyi zotayidwa ndipo wafika pa 20% pa choyera nkhani zotayidwa aloyi 18%. Mkulu-mphamvu zinthu zochokera titaniyamu wotanganidwa 12% ndi CHIKWANGWANI galasi nkhani pa 10%. ndege padziko atseka pa 70% ya mpweya CHIKWANGWANI, 12% ndi zipangizo zochokera galasi CHIKWANGWANI.

15% ya m'dera imagwera pa zitsulo, ndi wina 3% ndi cholimba kwambiri pulasitiki ndi zipangizo zina zomanga. Mwa njira, mwa onse European ndege nkhondowo kwambiri sayansi si womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho": 5% ya ntchito njira luso sizinachitike anafotokoza, monga chitukuko chinsinsi mabungwe European danga.

Ngakhale pa mapulani koyamba ndege dongosolo chikhalidwe nayikidwa mu mawu Buku kuti kulemera kanthu la ndegeyo sadzakhala upambana makilogalamu 9999. Komanso, ntchito amapanga kuwonjezekeredwa mu kamangidwe ka kasakaniza wazitsulo latsopano chifukwa magnesium ndi zotayidwa. Resource glider si maola sikisi sauzande. Choncho, womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho" kwambiri outperforms pa US F-35 chithunzi ichi zimasiyanasiyana pakati 2-4 zikwi maola.

Zochita za zinthu structural

thupi la theka-monocoque chiwembu. Pali imathandiza inivoyisi cockpit zida, amene amateteza woyendetsa kwa munthu moto manja yaing'ono. Denga - tselnoformovanny, ndi kutali mokomera nyumba ya. njira Izi zinathandiza woyendetsa kuonetsetsa pazipita wabwino review. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri mu masiku ano mpweya nkhondowo machenjerero. Mu nkhani iyi, womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho" lomwe lili chithunzi m'nkhani ndi imodzi mwa galimoto yabwino NATO.

Monga ife tanena kale, mu kamangidwe ka chiwembu akhala ntchito odnokilevym nthenga, ndilo ndithu lalikulu. Ndithu noticeable chachikulu mpweya wambiri kutentha exchanger dongosolo. The lonse phiko khungu unapangidwa mpweya CHIKWANGWANI kwambiri cholimba. Komabe, pali chapadera. Tikuyankhula zokhudza muli ndi masokosi anapanduka, yomwe ili pa malekezero a mapiko. Amachita wa kasakaniza wazitsulo zotayidwa ndi lifiyamu.

Malo onse a stabilizer yopingasa ndi 2,40 mamita ^2. Kupanga ake nawonso ma polima opepuka (makamaka). Kunena mwachidule, womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho" (chithunzi mukuonera nkhaniyi) ndi zina zamakono ndege, amene kupanga sangathe popanda wamphamvu mafakitale maziko.

galimotoyo

ikamatera zida - tricycle. Okonzeka ndi poyimitsa unicycle. The peculiarity ndi kuti oyamba awiriwo kulowa malangizo a thupi, pamene kutsogolo atachotsedwa patsogolo. China zachilendo kwa makina a NATO - ndi galimotoyo mwangwiro wokometsedwa ankafika pa yovuta kwambiri, runways bwino anakonza. Koma pali vuto. Poyamba izo anaganiza kuti kutalika osachepera GDP kubzala adzakhala wofanana mamita mazana asanu. Pakuti chizindikiro ichi, womenya "Eurofighter Mvula ya mkuntho" analinso kukhala kudula-m'mphepete.

Koma kale pa mayesero munda woyamba zinadziwika kuti zinthu zili choncho pali kutenthedwa amphamvu mabuleki, ndipo chotero zotheka kutalika wotsikitsitsa anali ziwonjezeke kwa mamita 750. Komabe, mu zikafika poipa, woyendetsa gwiritsani ntchito ananyema parachuti.

Engine Design, specifications zofunika powerplant

injini anayamba kubwerera mu 1983. Ntchitoyi inayamba kutali balamanthu: maziko a injini otengedwa ndege "mphepo yamkuntho". Komabe, pali zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti amagetsi linatengedwa Rolls-Royce XG.40 makina experimental. Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, mayesero benchi anali anayambitsa yekha mu 1988.

Zotsatira zake zinali chitukuko cha EJ200 lapansi. Izi kulambalala turbofan injini, ndi chochitika chomwe chiri afterburner chachikulu. masamba chopangira mphamvu anapanga ndi ntchito yambiri ya zipangizo monocrystalline zimbale zonse chopangidwa ndi njira ufa kulipira. Kanyama kupewa kwathunthu yadigito. Komanso, galimoto ali Integrated dongosolo matenda. Pafupifupi gawo onse yoikika injini yopangidwa ndi zisulo gulu. Chipinda kuyaka zimatetezedwa ku avale zochokera ceramic zikuchokera.

Izi chidwi tsatanetsatane zimapangitsa womenya "Eurofighter Mvula ya mkuntho" chimodzi mwa zochititsa kupirira nkhondowo ndege zamakono. Choncho, ngati 2010, kale anasonkhana injini zoposa 250, ndi amtengo chimene chachitika maola 10 chikwi.

Zakudya mpweya ili pansi fuselage ndi contours ake zosasintha. Makoma mbali amveka, m'munsi - yokhota kumapeto. A kugawa umodzi, yomanga imeneyi lagawidwa njira ziwiri, m'munsi gawo la aliyense wa iwo akhoza angapatutsidwe, kupereka otaya bwino mpweya pansi braking lolemera.

Engine zofunika

Onani kuti ngakhale mu gawo ndege kamangidwe, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain ndipo Italy kuti anasaina mgwilizano umene dziko alonjeza kuti agwire ntchito limodzi pokonza ndi kusintha dongosolo zosagwiritsa kwa Eurofighter Mvula ya mkuntho. Mbali yaikulu ya injini ngakhale durability ndi utumiki wake ndi moyo, ndi kapangidwe yodziyimira payokha. Izi njira molimba kuchepetsa nthawi wofunikila dismantling ake, mpaka mphindi 45.

injini ali ndi makhalidwe awa:

• Adaponya "youma" ndi 6120 kg.

• Tenthetsaninso mtengo index - 9097 kg.

• Zoperekedwa yachibadwa mowa ndege mafuta zimasiyanasiyana 0,745 kuti 0,813 makilogalamu ola / kg.

• Mu mode afterburner, chizindikiro ichi ali zambiri - kuchokera makilogalamu 1,65 kuti 1,72 / kg pa ola limodzi.

• Kutentha mpweya panamveka ndi chopangira mphamvu ndi angafikire 1840 ° K.

• Wapakati mlingo mpweya otaya ndi 76 makilogalamu / s.

• Waukulu chopangira mphamvu awiri - 740 mm.

• La utali wonse wa amagetsi - 4 mamita.

• izo akulemera makilogalamu 989.

• Resource akale Mabaibulo - maola 6 zikwi, koma injini masiku ano kale kuuluka pa 10,000 ..

• The imeneyi pakati pa macheke a injini - maola chikwi ..

Izi ndi zimene yodziwika "Mvula ya mkuntho" (womenya). Mphamvu ndege moti angafikire liwiro pazipita mpaka 2 Mach, ndiwo za 2.5 zikwi makilomita paola.

m'matangadza mafuta

Kotunga mafuta kusungidwa mu fuselage ndi mu muyezo gawo ndi mapiko kukhala oyenerera mu akasinja zipangizo mkulu-mphamvu. N'zotheka kuika hardpoints awiri basi yopuma thanki ndi mphamvu ya malita 1,500 ndi malita 1000 ankalemekeza. Kuyenera makamaka kudziŵika kuti okonza kuti anapereka mwayi kwa mpweya refueling, makamaka zosiyana koposa monga "Mvula ya mkuntho" (womenya). Womenya ndege chitsanzo ichi, ntchito nkhokwe zonse mafuta, kuwuluka zikwi zinayi makilomita (zoona - osapitirira 3200).

Control System Flight

Flight Management System quadruplex dziphunzitsiranso. Dziwani kuti palibe mawotchi kubwerera njira. Ndi chifukwa kachitidwe zovuta pakompyuta kupereka kusinthasintha apamwamba imathamanga pazipita ndege, komanso khalidwe chidaliro la ndegeyo wotere. Forward Kuyang'ana dongosolo Wakuba ndi zimachitika-Doppler siteshoni ECR90 ali mbali ya akonzedwa pachimake pa zida.

Inertial navigation dongosolo. Imakhala ndi mkombero laser gyros woyendetsa gwiritsani ntchito yapadera maso chizindikiro, komanso zida, amene basi limaneneratu kutsogoza kwa adani. Komanso, dongosolo yemweyo ndi amene tanthauzo la ayendetsa evasive ndi magalimoto adani. Inde, zamagetsi zingapangitse malangizo machitidwe zida kuti ntchito bwino mu dogfight a.

Systems Kumenyana ndi matenda a dongosolo

Zodula kwambiri zamagetsi stuffing ndi DASS dongosolo. Ake nthawi yaitali kulenga mabungwe patsogolo mu Germany ndi UK. njira dongosolo ndi kutanthauzira deta kuti ndegeyo amalandira kuchokera laser ndi makina ounikira zida. Ndi udindo amasulidwe decoys ndi magwero jamming. Iwo akulamulira ndege ndi chitetezo chabe. Anaika muli ndi zida pa mapiko a. The laser rangefinder ndi ntchito ya chandamale chisonyezero komanso inali pa mapeto a chigawo phiko.

Onani kuti womenya ili mfundo alibe zida mkati Bay. Iwo m'malo mwa zigawo suspensorial zakunja zomwe kwambiri wosalira kudziwika ndege kachitidwe Rada mdani, koma akhoza kwambiri kuwonjezera osiyanasiyana zida ntchito.

Mwachindunji izi womenya chitsanzo cholinga ndi ntchito polukonformnye mafuta akasinja.

Total ndege ali suspensorial khumi mfundo. Iwo amakonda kuika kwa maroketi anayi "Skayflesh" (RAF) kapena "mamba" (Italy Air Force). Iwo anayikidwa mu pang'ono "chamadzi" malo pansi pa wamba ndegeyo. Komanso amaloledwa ikani tiwiri motsogozedwa mivi ASRAAM kapena cholinga-9. Iwo anapachika pa mfundo pansi pa phiko.

Total ndege zikhoza zida za khumi "Air mpweya", koma mu nkhani iyi, ndi kulitenga kuchokera kulemera kwa galimoto ayenera musalumphe matani 18. atatu osiyana kuyimitsidwa wagawo cholinga yopachikapo akasinja mafuta owonjezera. Onani kuti Mipikisano ntchito womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho" ali okonzeka nanu yaotomatiki Cannon likungosonyeza wa 27 mm, umene ukugwira ntchito yopanga olimba "Mauser".

bomba Yoonjezera

Ngati mukufuna kuchita ntchito kuponya pansi, asanu hardpoints kunja akhoza kumakhalamo makilogalamu 6.500 mabomba, komanso motsogozedwa mivi osachepera asanu "mpweya ndi mpweya." The utali wozungulira ntchito nkhondowo akhoza upambana makilomita zikwi. Kutalika zing'onozing'ono za nkhondo kwa womenya ndi imatengedwa chizindikiro cha mamita 325, pazipita - kilometre. The zonse armament Wankhondo yoponya mabomba "Mvula ya mkuntho" (zithunzi za iye kulibe mu nkhaniyi) akhoza kukwaniritsa utumwi nkhondowo pa maola atatu ndi theka.

Kufalitsa ndalama kupanga

Total anakonza anali kutulutsa 620 makina a mtundu uwu. Kuyambira pachiyambi panali States anayi amene anadzipereka nawo mbali mu pulogalamuyi, ndegeyo anagawanika pakati pawo, malinga ndi ubongo alipo kupanga.

Mwachitsanzo, mafakitare UK anayamba kusonkhanitsa 232 "Mvula ya mkuntho" anasonkhana ku Germany, 180 mayunitsi, gawo la Italy ali ndege 121. Spain, chifukwa zinthu osauka kupanga anapatsidwa kusonkhanitsa omenyana 87 okha. The ndege yoyamba anayamba kufika mu 2003. The UK nayenso analandira choyamba womenya ndege chitsanzo ichi nthawi yomweyo, ena a iwo anapita mwamsanga pa mapangidwe 17 Squadron. Iwo ndege mosamala kuyesedwa. N'zochititsa chidwi EU mwalamulo mu ndege Air Force anangom'patsa 1 July 2005. The mtanda woyamba mayunitsi 148 ozimitsa anamasulidwa, ndipo onse a iwo akadali mu utumiki.

Kale mu 2002, boma la Austria kuzimwera chidwi kupeza zidutswa 18 zida, kuika mu kupanga yomweyo madola biliyoni 2,55. Komabe, mu June 2007 chifukwa mavuto likuyandikira, mgwirizano wakhala ndikusinthidwa: malinga ndi mikhalidwe latsopano, Austrians amafuna kutenga ndege zoposa 15, ndipo zambiri "anatilepheretsa" kasinthidwe. Pakali pano, mapangano ofanana lalembedwa ndi United Arab Emirates ndipo ali makasitomala pafupi. Akuti kuti EU ayike zomera pa iwo nthawi yomweyo omenyana 707.

Mgwirizano kuyamba kupanga mtanda chachiwiri yosainidwa December 14, 2004. The tranche loyamba la ndege anatenga mpweya mu 2008. Aliyense Mipikisano ntchito womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho" (makina chithunzi m'nkhani) limodzi ndi Mlengi zonse za nkhani mpaka kumathero a nthawi ya chitsimikizo.

kusiyana pakati Mabaibulo

Poyamba ankaganiza kuti ndege chitsanzo limeneli lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito yokhayo yotumikira kumenyana ndege mdani. Koma pambuyo chiyambi cha yapaderayi ku Afghanistan, ayamba mwakhama ntchito kwa yimitsira wa mipherezero pansi. Mwa njira, ngati womenya anali atachita "Mvula ya mkuntho" otsutsana ndi MiG? Nkomwe. Inde, Afghanistan makina Soviet akanakhoza kukhalira, koma izo ziri basi pa nthawi imeneyo munali kale woyendetsa osakwatiwa, amene akhoza kuwanyamulira iwo mu mlengalenga.

Akweza makina kale mu 2008 moyenerera angatchedwe ndi omenyana Mipikisano ntchito. Iwo akhoza kuwasiyanitsa ndi chidule FGR4 (ngati mutu ndi, T3, kutsogolo kwa inu - Baibulo awiri a ndegeyo). Lisanachitike masinthidwe atsopano zonse zilipo "Mvula ya mkuntho" anali akweza lisanathe 2012. The womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho 5" Panopa akupangidwa pachimake. Features si koma kudziwika.

Kutsata zachititsa kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu zida ankafika, atsopano kwathunthu mwa avionics, kuphatikizapo bwino avionics dongosolo. Komanso, panali kwambiri kumatheka "mpweya pansi" zida dongosolo mtundu umenewo wakhala malinga ndi kufunika kuphedwa kwa ndege kuukira ntchito ndege. Pa nthawi, mothandizana ndi yofuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbadwo wachitatu ozimitsa. Iwo ndi EU ali mapulani lalikulu: amaona kuti UK yekha kukhala osachepera 170 "Mvula ya mkuntho" ndi 2030.

Baibulo lachitatu la ndegeyo adzakhala kwathunthu conformal mafuta akasinja, kamodzinso, adzakhala kwathunthu m'malo ndi pa bolodi zamagetsi. Chofunika kwambiri, ndi womenya ndege zikhale ndi dongosolo amphamvu kwambiri zosagwiritsa, ndi makina ounikira yogwira phased lomenyera mlongoti.

Koma chidwi kwambiri ndi kusinthidwa kwa "Mvula ya mkuntho", cholinga kwa RAF (womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho MK 1"). Mu chimake ichi, ndege anali zatsopano machitidwe zolinga chiongoko ndi finders laser osiyanasiyana amene akhala mwapadera mwakuchita Israeli chitetezo kampani Rafael. Kwambiri bwino ndi bomba armament. Choncho, malinga pamaso mabomba motsogozedwa yolemera makilogalamu 450. Iwo kupereka American kampani Raytheon. Ali ndi mwayi yothandiza ndi laser mtengo, komanso dongosolo GPS-uphungu.

Ndege wachitatu ndi wachinayi mndandanda tentatively ayenera kupita ku utumiki wa maiko membala wa mgwirizanowo ndipo ena ogula kale 2017. Amaganiza kuti womenya "Mvula ya mkuntho" m'badwo 5 ayenera kuyamba kukhazikitsa pa nthawi yomweyo.