Za upandu ndi Choyenereza upandu ndi zizindikiro pafupifupi

Chiphunzitso cha malamulo a boma, posachedwapa unakhazikitsidwa, kodi mfundo mlandu. Zochita lingaliro ili ankagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yaitali Komabe, nkhani yeniyeni ndi mtima sanali.

Mawu akuti "chiwawa"

Kumvetsa zimene zikuchokera, ndilo chifukwa ndi mmene ayenerere upandu, m'pofunika kuti athane ndi zosiyana.

Upandu - mchitidwe kapena kuchotsa (kuchita), zomwe chikhalidwe oopsa. Mu mawu osavuta - kuwonongeka pa chochitika chimenechi ndi zimenenso kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za amene amagwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa chilamulo chigawenga.

Mwachitsanzo, kuba Kukubweretsera masautso katundu ufulu amene analandira anthu. Mchitidwe omwe yokhala akugwa pansi pa corpus delicti, koma palibe zizindikiro za kuwonongeka kwa anthu, sadzakhala ndi mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, mwathupi choipa wamisala pofuna kuteteza ana ake. Ngati tikambirana yokhala, kanthu adzalangidwa, koma ngozi anthu zilibe Choncho, palibe funso la mlandu sukupita.

maganizo

Dongosolo la zinthu zotengera malingaliridwe ndi cholinga (zizindikiro) Macitidwe (kanthu kapena sakuchita), chinanena mu kungoganizira, ndi miyezo malingaliro, ndi yodziwika ena kuchita oopsa ngati chigawenga, akutchedwa upandu.

Zikuchokera wapangidwa 4 subsystems zigawo zikuluzikulu:

• chokhumudwitsa chinthu;
• mbali cholinga cha kulakwa;
• ndi zotengera malingaliridwe mbali ya kulakwa;
• upandu nkhani.

Mtengo wa zikuchokera ndi kuti akutumikira monga maziko kupatsa udindo pa chigawenga. Pamene palibe aliyense mchitidwe dongosolo, udindo pa chigawenga zimachokeradi. Mwachitsanzo, mchitidwewo chaperekedwa mwa munthu chimatengedwa ngati wamisala. Zikatere palibe lobadwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chiganizo sangathe chija, kuyambira munthu kosamugonjera udindo pa chigawenga.

Zimapanga mlandu mu Code Wachifwamba

Zikuchokera ndi ziyeneretso za milandu sanali anafotokoza m'chilamulo chigawenga. Gwiritsani ntchito izi investigative akuti ndi makhalidwe milandu ndi chiphunzitso cha malamulo a boma.

Amawatenga ndodo kumvetsa kucheza ndi cholinga ndi zotengera malingaliridwe zizindikiro, zimene ziripo, ndi lamulo, yodziwika ndi ena kuchita chikhalidwe oopsa ngati mlandu.

Za upandu ndi njira malamulo a kachitidwe yeniyeni chigawenga, amene akambidwa mu nkhani inayake ya Gawo Special wa Code Wachifwamba.

kuyenerako milandu

Kumasulira kwa Latin "Choyenereza" - khalidwe. Iwo amalankhula za ziyeneretso za milandu matanthauzo awiri:

• nanga bwanji zina zomveka ndondomeko kapena ntchito;
• chifukwa, pamene ntchito walandira komaliza ziyenera oopsa mtundu wa khalidwe ndi mchitidwe enshrined chiphunzitso cha chikalata ena.

Kuti bwino zimaonetsa upandu, kenako kusankha yoyenera za chilango, muyenera muganize momwe kugawanitsa upandu.

Kuonetsetsa zomveka, nzeru zaumunthu, malamulo maziko maganizo chitukuko.

M'dera la malamulo a boma pansi ukatswiri kumvetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa motsata kapena ofanana zizindikiro, zimene itachita zinthu zoopsa, zizindikiro ndi zolamulidzwazo potsata mwambo.

Kunasonyeza kuti pali zizindikiro zotere, ndipo iwo adzakhala monga tafotokozeramu, zachitika mwa kufanizira kanthu ndi mchikhalidwe alipo. Kuyerekeza anapanga kokha pamaziko a malamulo a boma ambiri amavomereza yardsticks, zina sali m'gulu.

Pa chiphunzitso cha upandu okhudza chiyeneretso cha upandu.

Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chokhumudwitsa cha kusaka chizindikiro oletsedwa wa "upandu powonekera" imatengedwa kuvomerezedwa. Kwa iye, ndipo zimadalira chisankho lotembenuzidwa pa nkhaniyi.

Zofunikira - ndi zochita za malamulo a boma la zochitika yoona za nkhani zimene zinachitika. Bwino anaika Choyenereza zimadalira kukhazikitsidwa moyenera zoona.

Kukhumudwa ndi mu nthawi ya kufufuza kuyambirira (kufunsitsa kale anachititsa kufufuza), komanso mayesero, ndipo kenako - pa mlandu. Komanso ayenerere udindo kulongosola za supervisory review ndi pempho Kuthi nkhani chigawenga. Mawuwo zimene mchitidwewo ndi, chokhumudwitsa chimene complies ndi lamulo chigawenga, m'mawu zolembedwa ndi:

• chisankho cha nkhani ya malemeredwe kapena pa malemeredwe cha kusagwirizana;
• akulamulira kuti m'pofunika kukopa munthu ngati wozengedwa ndi;
• ntchito zodzitetezera;
• motsimikiza;
• chitsutso.

Mu zolemba izi mwatsatanetsatane ndi bwino nkhani mayina a nkhani yonse, amene akugwa pansi upandu.

mtengo luso

Tanthauzo la mulandu ndi Choyenereza milandu - mmodzi wa mphindi yovuta kwambiri ntchito yazamalamulo. Enforcers akuupereka mphamvu yaikulu pa nkhani ya kupanga zisankho pa chiyeneretso cha upandu.

Nthawi yomweyo amachititsa udindo wonse kwa kuvomereza enforcer chiweruzo.

Mavuto a Choyenereza milandu mu zikuchokera zilipodi, ngakhale ambiri ayesetsa ajambule gulu bwino. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa corpus zizindikiro delicti yeniyeni chingapezeke kudzera mu chiyeneretso cha upandu. Apa iye waima kulungamitsidwa ku mawonedwe a chilamulo, chimene munthu umamvera udindo pa chigawenga, ntchito miyeso chogonedwa monyengeleredwa woyikidwa milandu ofunitsitsa ndi chiganizo kapena kuphedwa kwa m'sentensi.

Zofunikira chifukwa cha osati kusonyeza Kukwanilitsa ubale malamulo a boma, komanso amasonyeza ndende okhudzana ndi ubwenzi chigawenga ndondomeko.

kuyenerako moyenera ndi makiyi a issuance olondola a chigamulochi.

Mitundu ziyeneretso

Za upandu ndi Choyenereza milandu pa tanthauzo lake likunenera gulu la ndondomeko Choyenereza pa subspecies zosiyanasiyana. Chimapanga mlandu - ndi maziko a chiyeneretso cha upandu.

Mitundu ya maphunziro:

• Official. chiyeneretso kwapatsidwa mwa wofufuzayo pa, wapolisiyo kapena bwalo pamisinkhu onse Kuthi chigawenga.
• Mwamwayi. Icho chaperekwa kwa ophunzira, asayansi ndi anthu ena kwaokha.

ndondomeko kuyenerako

Pa Choyenereza milandu, ntchito zingapo:

• elucidation imagwiridwa kaya mchitidwe zigawenga (CC RF ofananira Nkhani № 14);
• likukhalira, amene ali chinthu (ndi zina - phunziro) ndi kumenya chigawenga;
• kusanthula anagwira zinthu zimene ali operekedwa ndi cholinga ndi mbali zotengera malingaliridwe;
• imalongosola zofunika malamulo amene amafotokoza nkhani ya upandu.

Gulu olondola a upandu limachititsa momveka bwino funso kuli kapena kusapezeka kwa udindo pa chigawenga, komanso zimathandiza bwalo kudziwa chilango chilungamo kuti mchitidwe wa machimo.

Akuti zizindikiro ayenerere

Zomuyenereza milandu ndi zizindikiro akuti ndi chinthu chofunikira mu kusanthula mchitidwewo.

Zizindikiro Akuti ndi variable. amanena zimadalira yozungulira zotani chilungamo anati mu loya amene amatsatira lamulo. Zizindikiro zimenezi amakhala pafupi ndi malo zimene zimasinthasintha, chimene chili chofunika kwa amayang'anitsitsa kufufuza, milandu ndi mlandu. Ndipo ndi pamlingo winawake conditionality iwo amatchedwa "evaluative" makhalidwe.

Chitsanzo cha mmene khalidwe kuwunika lidzakhala monga chizindikiro chosonyeza "zoipa kwambiri", omwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhani ya nkhanza, zokonda pagulu kapena boma ndi zinthu zimene ndiotetezedwa ndi lamulo, chidwi anthu ndi zofuna ndi ufulu kwa nzika zonse.

zoipa yokulirapo

Popeza maganizo "zoipa kwambiri" sanali anafotokoza mu Code Wachifwamba, chosankha komaliza kapena upandu yokha kwambiri kapena ayi, kuvomereza okha bwalo.

Za upandu ndi Choyenereza milandu - mmodzi wa magawo zofunika kwambiri mu Kuthi bwalo. Mu kuunikaku uyu wa zosiyana ndi kusinkhasinkha za ubale pakati pa zinthu kapena zochitika, komanso zimaonetsa zotsatira za fanizo kwa chinthu ndi chitsanzo ena (muyezo kapena miyeso yolinganizira).

Dziwani kuti mfundo za mfundo onena za milandu ankaona omveka bwino.

Mtengo wa mlandu chifukwa choyenereza

Mu malo oyamba mtengo wa upandu ndi kukhala maziko anakhumudwitsa udindo pa chigawenga. Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu mu kuchitako amene ali kulakwa adzathedwa ali ndi udindo zigawenga gawo la Maloya, makhoti ndi kufufuza maulamuliro ndi nkhope yeniyeni ya udindo ngati sadzakhala kupereka kubala.

Ntchito yachiwiri, chimene chiri mwa zikuchokera upandu - luso thandizo. Mtengo wa chokhumudwitsa kwa Choyenereza milandu ndi kukhazikitsa makalata zofunika, dzina, chizindikiritso cha kulakwa kudziika zikuchokera, Amawapatsa mu lamulo.

Ndithu ndithu kwa upandu ali ndi chikhalidwe ndi zigawenga tanthauzo malamulo.

Mtengo wa kulakwa kuti ayenerere ambiri zolakwa chikhalidwe ndi kuchita zoipa Mayanjano kuwunika kuphatikiza zinthu zomwe ndi dongosolo yeniyeni ndi mlandu. Komanso, cholinga chawo kwa nkhani ino lingapereke boma.

mtengo Criminally malamulo anafotokoza mu zinthu zingapo zosiyanasiyana.

zolakwa ayenerere

Mapangidwe a kachitidwe pa zikuchokera upandu, mwatsoka, kodi ndi zolakwika.

Ayenerere zolakwa - ndi osayika kapena kusowa pamaso pa zizindikiro za upandu, komanso kugwilizana ake ndi malongosoledwe a ku mbali ya Code Wachifwamba (tanthauzo la Kuznetsovoy N. F.). zolakwa oterowo ndi chilango m'chilengedwe, monga kuyenera Kuthi wachifwamba. Magwero waukulu Zolakwika zimenezi Kukwanilitsa zofooka ndi zolakwa za malamulo.

zolakwa ayenerere zakambidwa mwachidule mu magulu atatu:

1. Zilibe kuzindikira kuti kuli mlandu kumene.
2. Iwo anazindikira kuti umbava, kumene kuli kwina.
3. Anasankha ulamuliro molakwa Code Wachifwamba chifukwa choyenereza.

milandu ziyeneretso zokhudzana

Oyenera zokhudzana zolakwa ali ndi mavuto ena.

mankhwala okhudzana ndi zokhudza chikhalidwe cha ngozi iwo kwa anthu, komanso ndife osiyana makhalidwe limodzi kapena ambiri. The CC 150 ndi zolakwa osachepera zokhudzana.

Ayenerere milandu yotereyi n'kofunika kusankha zinthu zimene kusiyanitsa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya kuba mnzake katundu ndi kugawa zizindikiro adzatumikira monga mawonekedwe a kuyenerera za wina. Ngati kuba - izo chinsinsi wakuba - poyera ndi kuba - zachiwawa.

Zokhudzana zolakwa utumiki wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana - zofuna za utumiki mu mabungwe osiyanasiyana, ndi zofuna za utumiki wothandiza, chilungamo, usilikali.

Zomuyenereza upandu chifukwa cha mlandu milandu ofanana, komanso tanthauzo zochita zimakhalira pachibale kulola ife kudziwa chinthu monga mobwerezabwereza amamangidwa ndi upandu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zikhoza kukhala angapo. Criminological posankha ayesedwa wolungama.

anapezazo

Zikuchokera upandu, mitundu ya formulations, umbanda mu Choyenereza onse pamodzi kupanga maziko yekha kudziwa udindo pa chigawenga. Zoona malamulo choyenereza yomwe pansi pa kachitidwe chigawenga, ndipo maziko a Court kudziwa kukula kwa chilango, mtundu wake ndiponso mwamphamvu, ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi muyeso osiyana a udindo pa chigawenga.

Yeniyeni ndi yolondola tanthauzo la upandu - mmodzi wa ukutitsimikizira kuti ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa nzika za adzatetezedwa, lamulo zidzatsatiridwa ndi kulimbitsa, ndi boma apitiriza kukhala zizindikiro za demokalase ndi malamulo.