Zachitsulo chomangira

Mu mapangidwe mankhwala kogwirizana elekitironi osalimba, womwe poyamba anali ndi maatomu osiyanasiyana, iwo adagawanso danga. Zochepa kwambiri zimavuta ndi kunja ma elekitironi pakati mlingo. Kuti iwo zimapezeka mu mapangidwe kumangidwa mankhwala. The ma elekitironi zimene zimachitika pochita izi amatchedwa valence. Koma iye anali ndi mankhwala chomangira - valence. Pa p- ndi m-zigawo zikuluzikulu ali kunja valence ma elekitironi mu D-zinthu - otsiriza (kunja) s- penultimate ndi D-ma elekitironi. Pali maatomu kwambiri kapena zochepa khola. Dama anthu wosanjikiza akunja muli nambala pazipita ma elekitironi (awiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu). motere imatengedwa wathunthu. misinkhu anamaliza yodziwika ndi mphamvu apamwamba. Iwo yodziwika ndi maatomu mpweya wolemekezeka, mogwirizana ndi zomwe m'mikhalidwe zachibadwa za chikhalidwe chawo ndi monatomic inert mpweya.

Pakuti zinthu zina atomiki khalidwe la zimatiyika yosatha. Mu njira ya mankhwala anachita amapezeka milingo akamaliza mfundo kunja. Nyuzi zimenezi kapena amadza, kapena Kuwonjezera ma elekitironi. misinkhu akamaliza akhoza kugawidwa ndi kupanga awiriawiri. Njirazi zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe a mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya kulankhulana: amaayoni ndi covalent. Mu mapangidwe molekyulu, potero, maatomu akuyesetsa kupeza khola elekitironi chipolopolo (kunja) kapena vosmielektronnuyu kapena ziwiri elekitironi. chitsanzo maziko a chiphunzitso cha mapangidwe kumangidwa mankhwala. mapangidwe ndi kumaliza valence a wosanjikiza wakunja, mu maatomu ziwalo limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa ndalama kwambiri mphamvu. Mapangidwe mankhwala kogwirizana, mwa kulankhula kwina, nthawi zonse atuluka exothermically, chifukwa chakuti mamolekyulu kuoneka (particles yatsopano), amene kukhazikika wamkulu m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa.

Monga mmodzi wa zizindikiro chofunika kwambiri kudziwa chikhalidwe kulankhulana, amachita electronegativity. Ndi luso la atomu kukopa ma elekitironi maatomu ena. Electronegativity kusintha kumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, pa zoyendera wa index izi ukuwonjezeka kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Kuchepetsa makhalidwe amapezeka mu magulu downwards. Ndi covalent mankhwala monga mapangidwe ndi kupanga kumanga (okwana) elekitironi awiriawiri.

pali zachitsulo nsinga mankhwala mu madzi, olimba zitsulo. Malinga ndi malo dongosolo nthawi, Zofunikira maatomu funso ndi pang'ono za ma elekitironi valence (wina atatu). Komanso, iwo anaona ndiponso otsika mphamvu "elekitironi detachment" (ionization). Choncho, zachitsulo chomangira - ndi kugwirizana ofooka. The ma elekitironi mu atomu ikuchitikira ofooka, kuchokamo mosavuta, pamene ndi mwayi muziyendayenda krustalo lapansi. The zachitsulo ubale kumafuna maatomu kupezeka. Mbali ya ma elekitironi valence anapatsidwa mphamvu kwaulere kuyenda mu latisi Krustalo, kupanga "elekitironi mpweya". Mothandizidwa ndi zachitsulo chomangira aumbike. Pali izo chifukwa "socialization" valence ma elekitironi wa maatomu. Tikumbukenso kuti zitsulo chomangira ali makhalidwe yake. Choncho, kupanga ma elekitironi zake amasamukira mu mchitidwe buku. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zitsulo tikhale zingapo zochititsa khalidwe. Makamaka, kuphatikizapo luster, chabwino magetsi madutsidwe, matenthedwe madutsidwe, ductility, malleability, ndi ena. zinthu zitsulo akulumikizana imapereka sichisinthasinthanso ndi mkulu.