Zomera Transgenic: kukonzekera ndi ntchito

Nkhani ya zomera zosinthidwa chibadwa zambiri kusinthidwa zisakuyenda bwino. luso Transgenic ali adani ake ndi zokometsera Koma zinthu sichikwiya bwino pa nthawi. M'nkhaniyi tiona zimene mbewu zosinthidwa chibadwa, kodi ubwino awo ndi kuipa kwake, Adzaperekedwa ndi zitsanzo za zomera transgenic.

Kufunika kwa vuto

Chiwerengero cha Dziko Lapansi pa chiyambi cha 2016 analipo anthu mabiliyoni 7.3 ndipo ikukula mofulumira lero. mitundu yambiri pa dziko kumva kusowa nthawi zonse chakudya ndi madzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa mavuto a munthu pa chilengedwe zomwe zinachititsa chonde zatha nthaka.

M'zaka za m'ma XX izo anataika osachepera 20% ya malo zipatso pa dziko. m'dera lawo ndipo akupitiriza kuchepa chifukwa cha kudzitsitsa zamoyo chipululu, ankatenthetsa padziko zothandiza, kulanda m'dziko ntchito zina.

The kusintha kwa kulima mbewu mafakitale kwa kupanga methanol kumabweretsa kuchepetsa m'dera la dziko adayilimira, zomwe zina pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga za mkhalidwe wa zakudya anthu.

Russian Utumiki wa maphunziro Health asonyeza kuti anthu chakudya amakhala ndi kuchepa ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala biologically wapatali. Chifukwa, kusowa kwa kutulutsa zakudya zomanga thupi, mavitamini komanso zinthu zina zachilengedwe.

Asayansi kulosera ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu a anthu padziko lapansi biliyoni 9-11 ndi 2050, kotero muyenera pawiri kapena patatu voliyumu ya ulimi padziko lonse. Umenewu ndi yotheka popanda oyamba a zomera transgenic kuthandiza kuonjezera buku la mbewu ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa katundu, komanso munali katundu kuti simuli zomera mwakula ndi luso chikhalidwe.

Akamanena za umisiri

Aliyense chamoyo amoyo ali amatha kudziwa zonse zochititsa. Chipangizo unyolo majini anapanga katundu. Unyolo yokha amatchedwa genotype (matupi athu).

Poyamba, mitundu yatsopano hybrid akamagwira kuphatikiza kwa zomera makolo chimene chinasintha chibadwa ndi mzake ndi kupeza zatsopano. Zimenezi anatenga ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi, ndi mapeto mankhwala si nthawi zonse kuti muzichita.

Kudzera chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano kotheka kusintha mbewu genotype mofulumira mwa kuyambitsa majini kutero. umenewu wa ntchito kafukufuku umatchedwa kukonza majini. Zomera ndi chibadwa asintha otchedwa transgenic kapena zosinthidwa chibadwa. Akatswiri majini kulenga genotypes latsopano. Ichi, amalephera mofulumira zomera latsopano. Ngati mwayi kusandutsa ndi genotype ndi cholinga chapadera.

Zitsanzo zosintha jini

Majini zomangamanga amathandiza kuti atchule majini amene ali kugonjetsedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoipa:

• Herbicidal nyimbo.
• Mankhwala formulations.
• Phytopathogenic tizilombo.

Chosavuta monga imachititsa kuti kuwonjezera nthawi kusasitsa, kukonza asafe. Kodi kusintha kwa amino asidi zikuchokera zomera mapuloteni.

Chitukuko cha mafakitale ulimi ndi mbeu yemweyo m'madera ambiri kumabweretsa kubalana wa tizirombo ndi kutengerapo matenda. Kumenyana nawo, asayansi kulenga mankhwala ambiri mankhwala. Tizirombo pang'onopang'ono atengere ziphe ndi kukhala kugonjetsedwa. The zinthu zachilengedwe chatsika pa izi: kufa tizilombo anakhumba, ndi m'nthaka kugwa mankhwala zoipa.

Majini zomangamanga amapereka chilengedwe cha chibadwa yotulutsa chitetezo tizirombo. Mu tomato kukolola mbewu kuchititsa kuwola mofulumira. Nkhaka akuwonjezeka majini udindo mapangidwe shuga, inu kukathera ndi nkhaka wokoma. Theoretically njira izi kulola zomera kukula angwiro, amene kupereka mkulu zokolola ndipo musawope majeremusi musakhale kudwala.

Mwambo umenewu ikuchitika kuyambira 1984. Woyamba transgenic mbewu anawalemba mu 1983. Icho chinali fodya, mu dongosolo cell amene anayambitsa majini lachitatu chipani. Fodya mayesero munda kunachitika mu 1986 mu United States. Ndipo mu 1994 ku United States anapita pa malonda chakudya transgenic. Amenewa anali tomato ndi otsika yakucha nthawi ndi soya. Patatha zaka ziwiri pa msika anabwera mndandanda wa mbewu chibadwa adapanga: chimanga, tomato, mbatata, soya, rapeseed, radish, sikwashi, ndi thonje.

Kuyambira pamenepo, zosintha jini ya ntchito kwa mbewu zonse, mbewu iwo kukula. Ichi ndi chifukwa ubwino chuma. Ndipotu Colorado kachilomboka wawononga mbewu lalikulu la mbatata, nchifukwa chake mabiliyoni ambiri anatayika. Chigamulo mokomera mbatata transgenic, kosamugonjera Colorado mbatata kachilomboka. Mukhoza kuitana zomera transgenic zitsanzo. Pakali pano, mndandanda ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Pafupifupi mbewu tonsefe tinalandira mapasa awo majini.

The ndondomeko ya sayansi

Kupanga zomera transgenic akuyamba ndi oyamba majini kugawa maselo mbewu kwa kusakanikirana mu DNA awo. The ndondomeko ya kuyambitsa majini yachilendo wosalira ngati makoma selo loyamba achotsedwa ndi michere: pectinase kapena cellulase, imbaenda ku maonekedwe a protoplasts. Chiyambi cha chibadwa atsopano mu dongosolo protoplast, kenako maselo a otukuka zinthu michere, ndiye anapanga maselo ntchito ayambe zomera.

Cholinga chachikulu cha sayansi majini - ndi transgenic zomera kugonjetsedwa herbicides ndi mavairasi. Chifukwa chaichi njira ya kuyambitsa transgenes amene kufotokoza chitetezo mkati maselo ndi mapuloteni tizilombo. Excretion chikhalidwe si poyera mavairasi, n'zotheka kulenga chitetezo chodalirika kwa zomera mitundu yambiri ya matenda zomera tizilombo.

Njira zofunika yopangira zomera transgenic ndi:

1. Ntchito Agrobacterium. Ndi sindicho mabakiteriya wapadera chomera genotype.
2. "DNA mfuti." Pankhaniyi, asayansi limatanthauza "kuwombera" DNA ake mu selo. Chifukwa, izi "zipolopolo" zimamangidwa ndi DNA wake ku malo ankafuna.

A mtengo zabwino

Kusankha kukhale kovuta kuti mbewu ndi wambirimbiri mavitamini. Chitukuko cha sayansi anapereka mwayi. Mwachitsanzo, anawaika pa "golide mpunga" ndi okhutira mkulu wa vitamini A. Alandira strawberries ndi okhutira mkulu wa vitamini C. Yopangidwa soya, amene kuchuluka kasanu kuchuluka kwa vitamini E.

Kugwiritsa zomera opangidwa zosiyanasiyana lofunika mapuloteni, katemera, chitetezo. Ntchito machitidwe zomera ndi zophatikizananso mapuloteni pamlingo malonda. Woyambirira chinapezeka anthu kukula timadzi mu 1986. Kuyambira pamenepo, zambiri zomanga thupi apanga, lomwe ndi:

• avidin (ntchito kafukufuku maselo zamoyo);
• (Mapuloteni mkaka ntchito monga zowonjezera chakudya) casein;
• Kolajeni ndi elastin (mapuloteni mankhwala).

Ntchito ya zamoyo zosinthidwa chibadwa mbewu kuthana ndi mavuto ozungulira kuyeretsedwa sing'anga. Mwachitsanzo, kulenga mbewu biodegradatory. Angathandizire kuwonongeka kwa mafuta ndi zinthu zina woopsawo m'madera ambiri.

Madzi ndi nthaka kuyeretsa zomera angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyamwa zinthu zoipa kwa chilengedwe, makamaka zitsulo. Mu zatsopano awa, fodya kutsogolera ali mphamvu onsewa.

Kugwira ntchito ya zomera kuyeretsedwa ookedwa m'madera zakhudzana ndiye amachotsedwa ndi katemela watsopano "zotsukira" phwando. Kudziyeretsa madzi, zomera ayenera mizu kumizidwa njira amadzimadzi.

mumaganiza makampani

The ndondomeko yopangira zomera transgenic zikuphatikizapo zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo:

1. Zosiyanasiyana ndi mkulu mlingo wa zokolola.
2. Kujambula chikhalidwe angathe kubala kukolola angapo pa chaka. (Mwachitsanzo, ayipanga strawberries, fruiting kawiri m'chilimwe limodzi.)
3. Kupanga zomera transgenic kugonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo. (Pali mbatata, mbatata kachilomboka siziononga.)
4. Zosiyanasiyana, kuthetsa mavuto alionse nyengo.
5. Kuswana zomera kubala nyama mapuloteni. (Mu China, fodya cultivar anachokera kubala lactoferrin anthu.)

Ntchito zomera transgenic kuthandiza kuthetsa nkhani zosiyanasiyana pakati pawo: njala, agronomic chitukuko mavuto mankhwala ndi ena ambiri. Chifukwa cha zomera zosinthidwa chibadwa ali anazimiririka mankhwala zoipa zimene zingawononge pa chilengedwe. Transgenic zomera kugonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo - zimenezi si nthano, koma chodabwitsa kwambiri weniweni gawo la ulimi.

Kusiyana pakati pa zomera zosinthidwa chibadwa ndi masoka

Zambiri layman kusiyanitsa pakati pa zomera zachilengedwe ndi transgenic sizingatheke. Iwo anapeza ndi mayesero zasayansi.

Russian Ministry of Health mu 2002 analamula opanga kuti amanena mankhwala amene wapangidwa maperesenti oposa asanu gennopreobrazovannogo zakuthupi. Koma kunena zoona, olemba amenewa ndi pafupifupi munthu wina ananenera. macheke yoyenera awulule kuyan'anila amenewa nthawi zonse.

Kukhala kulandira malangizo, kupeza ndi kugulitsa katundu zosinthidwa chibadwa pali ndondomeko boma kulembetsa ndi mlandu. Ichi ndi disadvantageous kwambiri opanga chakudya.

Kuchonga pa mankhwala sizitanthauza kuti chakudya kuvutitsa anthu. Pakali pano, ogula ambiri kuzindikira izo monga ngozi chizindikiro.

zomera zosinthidwa chibadwa - nanga?

Mu Russia, akhala mayina ndi macheke zofunika mitundu yonse 10 ya zomera transgenic. Njirazi ndi monga:

• soya mitundu iwiri;
• Chimanga mitundu asanu;
• Awiri mbatata mitundu;
• Beets;
• shuga Beet pamenepa.

Mu West, zosinthidwa chibadwa mankhwala ndi zolemba, iwo mbwee maalumali. Mu Russia, ofanana mankhwala ochuluka kwambiri ngakhale zoyenera kulemba kumeneko. Komabe, mankhwala onse kunja ochokera m'mayiko ena. Mu Russia, chikhalidwe chibadwa kusandulika anapeza mpaka okha umboni. kunyada chenicheni kwa sayansi ndi mbatata, zomwe kafadala mbatata tsamba kufa.

Zachilengedwe kutsutsa mbatata amenewa. The kafukufuku amene anasonyeza kuti kudya mbatata ku makoswe kusintha chilinganizo magazi, chiŵerengero ziwalo za thupi, pali pathologies zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, malinga ndi asayansi, si chifukwa kukana makampani wonse.

chitukuko Transgenic zosavuta kuswana njira, ndipo nthawizina otetezeka. mankhwala Transgenic ndi mtengo kwambiri zachilengedwe Motero, anthu ambiri amafuna m'mayiko underdeveloped. M'tsogolo, masamba organic ndi nyama adzakhala mankhwala a masitolo ang'onoang'ono ndi kukwera mtengo.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa zomera zosinthidwa chibadwa

Pali awiri maganizo lotsutsa za ubwino luso transgenic. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kusintha kwa deta genotypic otetezeka kwathunthu kwa thupi la munthu ndipo ndi wofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha ulimi. Ena amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kusinthika kotereku kudzasonyeza okha patapita zaka zambiri.

Kubwera kwa zomera transgenic anagawa dziko mu theka. Mwa anthu kumbuyo - United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina ndi ena ambiri. Chili ndi Europe ndi maiko ambiri ndi dongosolo m'mbuyo ulimi.

Mfundo ndi zomera transgenic amakhulupirira kuti zikhalidwe kenako amakhala ineradicable udzu kapena olumikizidwa kwa m'minda zina, kuipitsa chilengedwe. Inde, n'zotheka ndithu.

Muzochitika mu dziko ndi mu Russia

maalumali European pa katundu zosinthidwa chibadwa n'zochepa kwambiri. State akuluakulu akutenga malamulo zofuna chizindikiro mankhwala amenewa. Palinso malamulo DNA. udindo uwu wa Europe ndi chikhalidwe andale ndi azachuma.

Mu Russia malamulo amenewa panobe. Komabe, palibe malamulo amalola kuika gennoizmenennye chikhalidwe. Usogolere chitukuko cha ulimi wa mitundu yatsopano, komanso ololedwa kuitanitsa katundu gennopreobrazovannye ochokera kumayiko ena. Mu Russia kunja soya transgenic ndi chimanga.

maganizo a anthu pa zinthu za katundu gennoizmenennymi oimira TV mawonekedwe. Iwo zingakweze ndi zoipa ndipo kutenga mbali ya adani gennopreobrazovannoy mankhwala. Umboni wa sayansi chitetezo chake pa nthawi yomweyo kukhala mu mithunzi.

Kodi pali nkhawa?

zomera aliyense atengeke kusintha chibadwa, kudali macheke chitetezo kuvomerezedwa asanalandire chilolezo ntchito misa. mabungwe a boma ndi akuyendayenda zachilengedwe ndi toxicological mavuto kugwirizana ndi kulima mbewu izi. Palibe mavuto zoipa pambuyo ntchito mankhwala zosinthidwa chibadwa sizinachitike m'kaundula.

Majini zomangamanga amapereka chiyembekezo mwachilungamo yowala: zomera transgenic musakhale kudwala ndipo musati kuvunda. Koma musaiwale tanena kale: ". Nature amadana ndi zingalowe" Kodi kupita tizirombo ndi matenda? Kodi majeremusi kukhalabe popanda chakudya ndi kufa? Kodi zotsatira adzatero chodabwitsa ichi bwinobwino.

Malinga ndi otsutsa luso transgenic, akatswiri, geneticists ziwawa ndi chikhalidwe. Iwo, obereketsa mosiyana kusuntha jini iliyonse kwina kulikonse, amene n'kogwiritsa mavuto. Komabe, pa nthawiyo, ndipo madokotala anali kunenedwa kufika kusokoneza thupi ndi mankhwala amakono apita patsogolo kwambiri, ndi zochita dokotala, palibe chinthu chimodzi mikangano.

Mulimonse mmene zinakhalira, patsogolo sitingaleke. Mwina ntchito ya zomera transgenic - tsogololo liri pafupi malonda ulimi. Komanso chitukuko cha zomangamanga majini angathandize ulimi kutuluka mavuto. A umisiri watsopano adzapereka chigamulo ndi nkhani zina (chakudya, sayansi ndi ndale).

Tsopano zimaonekeratu kuti zomera transgenic (GMPs), perekani chitsanzo ndi yankho la funso limeneli wowerenga nkhaniyo.